Deck 16: Elaborating Bivariate Tables

Question 1

The technique of elaboration allows us to observe the relationship between the ____ variable and the ____ variable for each value of the ____ variable.

A)independent,dependent,control
B)control,independent,dependent
C)independent,control,dependent
D)all of the above

Answer 1

independent,dependent,control

Question 2

Two variables are said to have a direct relationship if,after controlling for a third variable,the bivariate relationship is the same for all partial tables and

A)the same as in the bivariate table.
B)very different from the bivariate table.
C)each partial table is different from the bivariate table.
D)each partial table is different from every other partial table.

Answer 2

the same as in the bivariate table.

Question 3

The technique of elaboration is appropriate for ____ variables which have been organized into ____.

A)interval-ratio level,bivariate tables
B)interval-ratio level,scattergrams
C)nominal or ordinal level,scattergrams
D)nominal or ordinal level,bivariate tables

Answer 3

nominal or ordinal level,bivariate tables

Question 4

Which of the following describes a direct relationship between independent and dependent variables after controlling for a third variable?

A)the bivariate relationship changes across the partial tables
B)one partial table is the same as the bivariate table,the other(s)are very different
C)the bivariate relationship is the same across the partial tables
D)the partial tables have many empty cells

Question 5

The three variables involved in the elaboration of bivariate tables are

A)independent,control,continuous.
B)nominal,ordinal,interval-ratio.
C)first dependent,second dependent,independent.
D)independent,dependent,control.

Question 6

If we investigate a bivariate relationship by controlling for gender,which of the following would be consistent with an intervening relationship?

A)the relationship between X and Y is the same for men and women
B)the bivariate relationship between X and Y is zero for both men and women
C)X and Y are related for men but not for women
D)there are many fewer men than women

Question 7

If we investigate a bivariate relationship by controlling for gender,which of the following would be consistent with a direct relationship?

A)the relationship between X and Y is the same for men and women
B)the bivariate relationship between X and Y is zero for both men and women
C)X and Y are related for men but not for women
D)there are many fewer men than women

Question 8

Multivariate analysis provides techniques by which the researcher can

A)gather more information about a bivariate relationship.
B)probe the possible causal relationships among variables.
C)test and revise theory.
D)all of the above

Question 9

Interaction is said to exist when

A)the partial tables differ from each other but are the same as the bivariate table.
B)the partial tables are the same but are different from the bivariate table.
C)the partial tables display a weaker relationship than the bivariate table.
D)the partial tables differ from each other and from the bivariate table.

Question 10

In multivariate analysis we investigate

A)the mutual effects of two variables on each other.
B)what happens to the third variable when the first two are controlled.
C)what happens when many variables are free to vary.
D)how a specific bivariate relationship is affected by a control variable.

Question 11

One reason to perform multivariate analysis is that this technique provides a way of

A)analyzing the strength and direction of bivariate relationships.
B)proving that variables are causally related.
C)analyzing possible causal relationships among variables.
D)showing that bivariate measures of association are actually unnecessary.

Question 12

Which of the following describes a direct relationship between X and Y?

A)X causes Z,which causes Y
B)Y causes Z,which causes X
C)both Z and Y cause Z
D)X causes Y

Question 13

The conditional distributions of Y are the same in all partial tables and the bivariate table.This pattern

A)is mathematically impossible.
B)suggests a direct relationship between X and Y.
C)suggest an interactive relationship between Z and Y.
D)suggests an indirect relationship between X and Y.

Question 14

The elaboration technique controls for a third variable by

A)fixing its values so they are no longer free to vary.
B)eliminating the variable from the analysis.
C)replacing its values with those of the independent.
D)adding a column to the bivariate table to include the control variable.

Question 15

If both the dependent and independent variables had three values and the control variable had four values,how many partial tables would be produced?

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)twelve

Question 16

Partial tables elaborate the original bivariate relationship in the sense that they display the relationship in more ____ form.

A)elegant
B)compact
C)detailed
D)direct

Question 17

Spurious or intervening relationships among variables are indicated by a pattern of outcomes in which the bivariate relationship is the same across all partial tables and

A)the same as in the original bivariate table.
B)much weaker than in the bivariate table.
C)much stronger than in the bivariate table.
D)the variables are not associated in the bivariate table.

Question 18

Gammas computed on partial tables are both .49 and the bivariate gamma is .52.This pattern of outcomes would be taken as evidence of

A)a direct relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
B)a spurious relationship.
C)a direct relationship between the control variable and the independent.
D)no association between any of the three variables.

Question 19

The tables produced after controlling for a third variable are called

A)control tables.
B)trivariate tables.
C)elaboration tables.
D)partial tables.

Question 20

How many partial tables will be produced if a researcher controlled for gender?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 21

Which of the following describes a spurious relationship between X,Y,and Z?

A)X causes Z,which causes Y
B)Z causes X,which causes Y
C)Z has no effect on the relationship between X and Y
D)Z causes both X and Y

Question 22

Which pattern of results in the partial tables would allow us to distinguish between spurious relationships and intervening relationships?

A)None,the patterns are the same.
B)For spurious relations,the partial measures of association are stronger than the bivariate measures.The opposite is true for intervening relationships.
C)For spurious relations,the partial measures of association are weaker than the bivariate measures.The opposite is true for intervening relationships.
D)In spurious relationships,the partial measures are different from each other.In intervening relations,the partial measures have the same value.

Question 23

A measure of association for X and Y shows that the two variables are associated at -.63.After controlling for Z,the measures for the partial tables are -.33 and -.78.This pattern of outcomes would be consistent with

A)a direct relationship between X and Y.
B)a spurious relationship between X and Y and a direct relationship between X and Z.
C)interaction between X,Y,and Z.
D)an intervening relationship between X,Y,and Z.

Question 24

If a researcher finds a spurious relationship between variables X and Y after controlling for Z,what would be the next step in the statistical analysis?

A)disregard Z and select a new control variable
B)incorporate Z into the analysis
C)disregard Y and select a new dependent variable
D)incorporate Z into the analysis as the new dependent variable

Question 25

If a researcher finds interaction between variable X and Y after controlling for Z,what would be the next step in the statistical analysis?

A)disregard Z and select a new control variable
B)disregard X and select a new independent variable
C)disregard Y and select a new dependent variable
D)incorporate Z into the analysis

Question 26

Partial gamma (G_p)

A)measures the association between X and Y after removing the effects of Z.
B)is the average of all gammas computed on partial tables.
C)can never be lower in value than the bivariate gamma.
D)is computed for each partial table separately.

Question 27

Which of the following describes an intervening relationship between X,Y,and Z?

A)X causes Z,which causes Y
B)X causes Z,but neither has a relationship with Y
C)Z causes both X and Y
D)Z causes neither X nor Y

Question 28

Another term used to describe intervening relations is

A)specification.
B)interpretation.
C)direct.
D)unusual.

Question 29

In all partial tables,the conditional distributions of Y are the same for each value of X.In the bivariate table,the conditional distributions of Y were quite different for each value of X.This pattern

A)is mathematically impossible.
B)suggests a direct relationship between X and Y.
C)suggests a spurious relationship between X and Y.
D)suggests an interactive relationship between Z and Y.

Question 30

Which of the following describes an interactive relationship between X,Y,and Z?

A)X causes Z,which causes Y
B)X and Y are associated for some categories of Z but not for others
C)X and Y are associated for all categories of Z
D)X and Y are not associated for any categories of Z

Question 31

If a researcher finds a direct relationship between X and Y after controlling for variable Z,what would be the next step in statistical analysis?

A)disregard Z and select another control variable to further test the relationship
B)disregard Y and select a new dependent variable
C)conduct a chi square test
D)incorporate Z as the new independent variable

Question 32

If we investigate a bivariate relationship by controlling for gender,which of the following would be consistent with a spurious relationship between X and Y?

A)the relationship between X and Y is the same for men and women
B)the bivariate relationship between X and Y is zero for both men and women
C)X and Y appear to be related for men but not for women
D)there are many fewer men than women

Question 33

Another term for interaction is

A)intervention.
B)spurions.
C)direct.
D)specification.

Question 34

The gamma for a bivariate table is 0.42 and the partial gamma (G_p)is 0.40.This is consistent with

A)interaction between the variables.
B)an intervening relationship between X,Y,and Z.
C)a direct relationship between X and Y.
D)a spurious relationship between X and Z.

Question 35

A lambda computed for X and Y shows the variables to be associated at .58.After controlling for variable Z,the partial lambdas are 0.01,0.09,and 0.05,respectively.This pattern of outcomes would be taken as evidence of

A)a spurious relationship.
B)interaction.
C)an intervening relationship.
D)either a or c

Question 36

In an interactive relationship,the conditional distributions of Y in the partial tables would be ____ and the conditional distributions of Y in the bivariate table would be ____.

A)different from each other,different from the partial tables
B)the same,the same as the partial tables.
C)different from each other,the same as the partial tables
D)the same,the same as the partial tables

Question 37

Lambda computed on a bivariate table was .34.Lambdas computed on partial tables are .32 and .35.What step should the researcher take next?

A)disregard Z and select a new control variable
B)incorporate Z into the analysis
C)conduct a chi square test to clarify results
D)recompute.These values are mathematically impossible.

Question 38

Lambda computed on a bivariate table was .34.Lambdas computed on partial tables were .02 and .05.What step should the researcher take next?

A)disregard Z and select a new control variable
B)incorporate Z into the analysis
C)disregard Y and select a new dependent variable
D)Z should become the new dependent variable

Question 39

The gamma for a bivariate table is 0.42 and the partial gamma (G_p)is 0.05.This is consistent with

A)interaction between X and Z.
B)interaction between X and Y.
C)a direct relationship between X and Y.
D)a spurious relationship between X and Y.

Question 40

If we investigate a bivariate relationship by controlling for gender,which of the following would be consistent with an interactive relationship?

A)the relationship between X and Y is the same for men and women
B)the relationship between X and Y is zero for both men and women
C)X and Y appear to be related for men but not for women
D)there are many fewer men than women

Question 41

With the elaboration technique,one solution for the problem of empty cells is to

A)increase the number of control variables.
B)collapse categories of all variables as much as possible.
C)decrease sample size.
D)disregard the control variable.

Question 42

When there is evidence of a(n)____ relationship,partial gamma (G_p)should not be calculated.

A)interactive
B)direct
C)intervening
D)spurious

Question 43

A possible solution for dealing with the problem of empty cells in the partial tables when using the elaboration technique is to

A)collapse the categories of all variables to the minimum possible.
B)avoid using a control variable.
C)use more than one control variable.
D)eliminate the dependent variable.

Question 44

With the elaboration technique,it is important to have large samples to

A)avoid having to control for a third variable.
B)fill up the cells in the partial tables.
C)eliminate the possibility of spurious relationships.
D)increase the value of the measure of association.

Question 45

Under what conditions should partial gamma (G_p)NOT be calculated?

A)when sample size is very large
B)when there is no dependent variable
C)when the variables are ordinal in level of measurement
D)when there is evidence of interaction

Question 46

In an investigation of the relationship between political ideology (liberal - conservative)and support for civil liberties such as free speech,a researcher calculated a bivariate gamma of 0.65.After controlling for gender,the partial gamma was 0.07.Which of the following correctly describes this outcome?

A)There seems to be a direct relationship between ideology and support for civil liberties.
B)This relationship appears to be spurious.
C)There is an interactive relationship between ideology and support for civil liberties.
D)Women are much more supportive of civil liberties than men.

Question 47

According to the analysis reported in the text,the bivariate relationship between TV viewing and social involvement was negative and weak in strength.After controlling for race,evidence of a(n)____ was found

A)direct
B)spurious
C)positive
D)interactive

Question 48

An important limitation of the elaboration technique is sample size because

A)too many cases destabilize the value of partial gammA.
B)statistical significance is reduced with large samples.
C)cases must be divided over a series of partial tables.
D)with many cases,not enough cells in the partial tables will be empty.

Question 49

In an investigation of the relationship between political ideology (liberal - conservative)and support for civil liberties such as free speech,a researcher calculated a bivariate gamma of 0.65.After controlling for gender,the partial gamma was 0.60.Which of the following correctly describes this outcome?

A)There seems to be a direct relationship between ideology and support for civil liberties.
B)This relationship appears to be spurious.
C)There is an interactive relationship between ideology and support for civil liberties.
D)Women are much more supportive of civil liberties than men.

Question 50

According to the analysis reported in the text,the bivariate relationship between TV viewing and social involvement was negative and weak in strength.After controlling for race,it was found that

A)black respondents had a different relationship between TV viewing and involvement than white respondents.
B)black respondents had the same relationship between TV viewing and involvement as white respondents.
C)the relationship between TV viewing and social involvement was much weaker in the partial tables than the bivariate table.
D)Asian and Hispanic respondents had very different patterns of TV watching and social involvement than white and black respondents.

Question 51

What variables should we control for? We are most likely to find the answer in

A)a good statistics text.
B)our research design.
C)our theory.
D)common sense.

Question 52

According to the analysis reported in the text,the bivariate relationship between TV viewing and social involvement was negative and weak in strength.After controlling for gender,evidence of a(n)____ relationship was found.

A)direct
B)spurious
C)positive
D)interactive

Question 53

The chief psychologist at a state prison has developed a rehabilitation program for inmates convicted of violent crimes against females.All of the prisoners have been rated on the frequency of their attendance at sessions (the program is voluntary)and have completed a battery of tests which measures their level of hostile and aggressive feelings towards females.Are less hostile attitudes associated with frequent attendance at sessions? Does the program work?