Deck 33: Neuroscience II: Sensory Systems

Question 1

Within the vestibular system of vertebrates,hair cells help detect movement when their cilia are bent by

A)otoliths.
B)statoliths.
C)the tectorial membrane.
D)the basilar membrane.
E)gravity.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The transduction of sound waves into electrical signals takes place

A)within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cell.
B)within hair cells as they are bent against the tectorial membrane,causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons.
C)as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes,initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron.
D)as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds.
E)within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus,incus and stapes.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sardines possess a sensory system called the lateral line,which help them to school by detecting the movements of other sardines swimming around them.What type of sensory receptors do you think are present in the lateral line?

A)photoreceptors
B)chemoreceptors
C)stretch receptors
D)mechanoreceptors
E)thermoreceptors

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The tough outer covering of the eye is referred to as the

A)pupil.
B)retina.
C)sclera.
D)fovea.
E)iris.

Question 5

Our ability to respond to moderate heat and cold is due to

A)mechanoreceptors.
B)thermoreceptors.
C)nociceptors.
D)electromagnetic receptors.
E)chemoreceptors.

Question 6

The correct sequence for a sound (a vibration)traveling into the mammalian ear would be listed as

A)pinna,tympanum,ossicles of middle ear,oval window,basilar membrane,hair cell
B)tympanum,pinna,ossicles of middle ear,hair cell,oval window,basilar membrane
C)pinna,ossicles of middle ear,tympanum,basilar membrane,oval window,hair cell
D)hair cell,pinna,basilar membrane,ossicles of middle ear,tympanum,oval window
E)pinna,oval window,tympanum,basilar membrane,ossicles of middle ear,hair cell

Question 7

In the avian and mammalian eye,the lens remains stationary but changes shape in order to focus on objects at various distances.This is called "accommodation" and is accomplished through adjusting muscle control of the lens in order to

A)alter the sensitivity of the eye to varying light levels.
B)bend light rays to varying degrees according to the angle at which light enters the eye.
C)regulate the vitreous humor volume.
D)control the amount of light admitted to the eye through the pupil.
E)convert light energy into electrical signals by the retina.

Question 8

After reaching the inner ear,the frequency of a sound primarily affects

A)the amplitude of basilar membrane vibration.
B)the location of the greatest basilar membrane vibration.
C)the vibrational amplitude of the tectorial membrane.

Question 9

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A)Sensation is recognition of a perception.
B)Perception is recognition of a sensation.
C)Sensation sends action potentials to the CNS.
D)Perception sends action potentials to the CNS.
E)There is no true difference between sensation and perception.

Question 10

Our sense of "fullness" after a big meal is due to

A)stretch receptors.
B)chemoreceptors.
C)thermoreceptors.
D)electromagnetic receptors.

Question 11

How do sensory cells communicate different types of information to the brain-touch versus light for example?

A)by firing action potentials at different frequencies in the same neuron
B)by firing action potentials of varying amplitudes in the same neuron
C)by using different neurons for different stimuli (e.g. ,light and touch)
D)by using different kinds of electrical signals in the same neuron as the information is conveyed to the brain
E)by using different kinds of receptor potentials in the same neuron

Question 12

The receptor potential is most accurately described as

A)the membrane potential produced when a neurotransmitter molecule binds to its receptor.
B)the membrane potential produced in the receptor cell by sensory transduction.
C)the ability of sensory receptors to detect sensation.
D)the electrical gradient produced by electromagnetic perception.
E)the acuity of chemoreceptors to bind to ions.

Question 13

You turn on the shower and check the water temperature with your hand.Your brain is able to monitor increasing temperature because the thermosensitive neurons in your skin

A)transmit action potentials to different brain regions as the water warms up.
B)transmit bigger action potentials to the brain as the water warms up.
C)gradually adapt to the stimulus.
D)transmit action potentials at a greater rate when the water warms up.
E)integrate temperature information.

Question 14

Our sense of balance depends most directly on

A)the vestibular system.
B)the auditory system.
C)mechanoreceptors in our hands and feet.
D)the visual system.
E)chemoreceptors in the environment.

Question 15

Experimenters replaced the statoliths in a crayfish statocyst with iron filings and then held a magnet above the animal.Based on your knowledge of the function of statoliths,what would they observe?

A)The crayfish stayed upright.
B)The crayfish lay on its side.
C)The crayfish turned upside down.
D)The crayfish attempted to escape by rapidly swimming backwards.
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 16

A high-pitched sound is characterized by

A)a short wavelength and high frequency.
B)a short wavelength and low frequency.
C)a long wavelength and high frequency.
D)a long wavelength and low frequency.
E)a very long wavelength and very low frequency.

Question 17

Mr.Johnson was becoming slightly deaf.To test his hearing,his doctor held a vibrating tuning fork tightly against Mr.Johnson's jaw.This sent vibrations through the bones of the skull,setting the fluid in the cochlea in motion.Mr.Johnson could hear the tuning fork this way,but not when it was held away from the skull a few inches from his ear.His hearing problem is most likely attributed to the

A)auditory cortex of Mr.Johnson's brain.
B)auditory nerve leading to Mr.Johnson's brain.
C)hair cells in the cochlea.
D)tympanum or the bones of the middle ear.
E)fluid of the cochlea.

Question 18

Where does perception of sensory stimuli occur?

A)in all receptors
B)in highly specialized receptors like hair cells
C)at synapses in the peripheral nervous system
D)only in the central nervous system

Question 19

A student grabs a hand out from the teaacher and gets a painful paper cut.What type of receptor is responsible for this sensation?

A)Mechanoreceptor
B)Nociceptor
C)Olfactory receptor
D)Photoreceptor
E)Thermoreceptor

Question 20

When flying on a plane,traveling at 500 miles per hour,why does your vestibular system not register the extremely fast linear motion?

A)Since you are inside the plane,the fast motion of the plane does not translate to your inner ear.
B)Since you are moving at a constant rate of speed,the fluid in your inner ear isn't moving and bending the stereocilia.
C)Since you are in a pressurized cabin,the speed of the plane doesn't affect the semicircular canals,only the pressure in the inner ear.
D)Your hair cells adapt to the constant fluid movement inside the semicircular canals and cease sending action potentials.

Question 21

Rods and cones,like most sensory receptors,depolarize opon receiving a stimulus.

Question 22

Upon emerging from a darkened area like a movie theater during daylight,our eyes are initially extremely sensitive to light.This is because

A)our pupils are wide open and take some time to close.
B)the proportion of our retinal in the cis conformation is high.
C)the proportion of our retinal in the trans conformation is high.
D)our rods and cones are already highly hyperpolarized from the previous dark conditions.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 23

Perception of salty tastes occurs at the level of the taste bud.

Question 24

After a young woman suffered a traumatic brain injury,she seemed clumsy and out-of-sorts.She was given a visual acuity test (the assessment for glasses)and general eye health exam,and her eyes were deemed healthy.Would these assessments be adequate to rule out any visual impairment resulting from the brain trauma?
_____ Yes,her clumsiness is more likely attributable to inner ear damage.
__X__ No,a neurological examination of her visual processing pathways would be necessary.

Question 25

The most common defect in color vision,termed red-green color blindness,results from a faulty opsin gene.

Question 26

Olfactory neurons first transmit their action potential to the central nervous system structure called the

A)cerebellum.
B)accessory olfactory bulB.
C)amygdala.
D)cerebral cortex.
E)olfactory bulb.

Question 27

The vision loss associated with glaucoma is most accurately explained by

A)detachment of the retina from the outer part of the eye.
B)protein accumulation in the lens.
C)poor control of extraocular muscles.
D)loss of photoreceptors in and around the fovea.
E)intraocular pressure buildup due to poor drainage of the aqueous humor.

Question 28

Death of hair cells resulting from repeated exposure to loud noises is thought to be caused by metabolic "exhaustion" of these cells from continuous activation.

Question 29

In the dark,the Na⁺ channels in the outer segments of rod cells are

A)open.
B)closed.
C)primarily affected by inhibitory neurotransmitter input.
D)important in making the cell hyperpolarized in this resting state.

Question 30

When someone has cataracts,they may be able to receive a lens implant.This is a surgical replacement of their cloudy lens with an artificial lens.Based on your knowledge of vision,would it usually be necessary to get a new prescription for their glasses following this surgery?

A)Yes,the artificial lens will be fixed,so it cannot give distance vision one moment and near vision the next.
B)No,they would no longer need glasses after lens replacement surgery because a new lens would not need correction.

Question 31

The neuronal pathways behind gustatory reception most closely parallel those of

A)olfaction.
B)vision.
C)limb position.
D)light touch.
E)pain.

Question 32

Odor molecule receptors are located on the _____________ extending from olfactory receptor cells in the human nose.

A)axon
B)soma
C)cilia
D)synapse
E)oligodendrocyte

Question 33

The tapetum lucidum is a shiny layer beneath the retina in the eyes of some animals.As light passes through the retina,it hits the tapedum lucidum and bounces back through the retina.What type of animal would likely have this structure?

A)Humans
B)Squirrels
C)Owl
D)Pigs
E)Gorillas

Question 34

Where do you predict that the highest density of mechanoreceptors in the skin would be located?

A)in the hands and face
B)at the joints of the the limbs
C)on the dorsal side of the body
D)on the soles of the feet

Question 35

If you were building an eye to function primarily in low light,but preserve some ability to perceive color,you would construct it using

A)all cones.
B)all rods.
C)mostly rods with some cones.
D)mostly cones with some rods.

Question 36

What did Richard Axel and Linda Buck discover about the way in which we are able to perceive many different types of odors?

A)Many different types of odors bind to just a few different types of receptor molecules.
B)Vertebrate animals make a large number of distinct types of receptor proteins,each of which binds a particular odorant molecule or small group of such molecules.
C)Odors are distinguished by the way in which they bind both olfactory and taste receptors-it is the overall "picture" generated this way that we perceive.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 37

When light strikes the rod cell,it becomes ____ and glutamate release onto bipolar cells ____.

A)depolarized;decreases
B)depolarized;increases
C)hyperpolarized;decreases
D)hyperpolarized;increases
E)excited;increases

Question 38

Compound eyes in invertebrate animals are composed of many smaller ommatidia.

Question 39

The olfactory receptors discovered by Richard Axel and Linda Buck are members of a large family of similar receptor molecules termed

A)G-protein coupled receptors.
B)ligand-gated ion channels.
C)voltage-gated ion channels.
D)intracellular receptors.
E)serine/threonine proteases.