Deck 35: Digestive Systems and Nutrition

Question 1

The suface area of the small intestine is dramatically increased due to the presence of _________ on the luminal surface.

A)villi and microvilli
B)lacteals
C)capillaries
D)hydrolytic enzymes
E)smooth muscle

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Surgical removal of the pancreas would

A)increase the acidity of the small intestine.
B)prevent the production of chyme in the stomach.
C)eliminate the ability to store bile in the gallbladder.
D)block the secretion of bile.
E)All of these changes would be a result of pancreas removal.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Birds store food in a modified portion of the lower esophagus called the

A)crop.
B)epiglottis.
C)gizzard.
D)alimentary canal.
E)pharynx.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates?

A)Processing of fat does not require any digestive enzymes,whereas the processing of carbohydrates does.
B)Fat absorption occurs in the stomach,whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine.
C)Carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested,whereas fats do not.
D)Most absorbed fat enters the lymphatic system,whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blooD.
E)Fat must be partially digested by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed,which is not the case for carbohydrates.

Question 5

A digestive cavity in which food enters an opening at one end and passes through the animal in one direction as it is digested is called the

A)gastrovascular cavity.
B)stomach.
C)alimentary canal.
D)epithelial cavity.
E)intestinE.

Question 6

In ruminants,cellulose digestion occurs in the

A)omasum.
B)rumen.
C)reticulum.
D)cecum.
E)rumen and reticulum.

Question 7

When comparing two stomach samples in the lab,you can distinguish the sample taken from a cow from the human sample by the presence of

A)cellulase.
B)pepsin.
C)collagenase.
D)carboxypeptidase.
E)acetylcholinesterasE.

Question 8

What is peristalsis?

A)a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine
B)voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation
C)the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vein
D)loss of appetite,fatigue,dehydration,and nervous disorders
E)smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

Question 9

How do carnivores and herbivores differ?

A)Carnivores must eat more frequently than herbivores.
B)Carnivores and herbivores require different enzymes to digest their food.
C)Carnivores can be opportunistic but herbivores cannot.
D)Herbivores can be opportunistic but carnivores cannot.
E)Herbivores remain herbivores at all stages of development,while carnivores are often herbivores in their larval stages.

Question 10

In the stomach,food processing continues and secretions from stomach glands aid the initial digestion of

A)carbohydrates.
B)lipids.
C)nucleic acids.
D)proteins.
E)vitamins.

Question 11

Contrary to popular belief,stress is not usually the primary cause of ulcers,and many patients with ulcers do not over-produce acid.What Nobel prize-winning discovery demonstrated a previously unknown cause of ulcers?

A)greater acid concentrations in the stomach,lower esophagus,and duodenum
B)the eroding effect of certain spicy foods on the lining of the esophagus
C)the existence of a bacterial infection in the stomachs of most patients with ulcers
D)genetically predetermined weakness in the walls of the intestinal tract

Question 12

Which type of nutrient can pass across epithelial cells without any expenditure of ATP?

A)iron
B)calcium
C)protein
D)fat
E)magnesium

Question 13

A mechanism shared by both extracellular and intracellular digestion is

A)the ability to phagocytose food particles.
B)a slow speed of digestion.
C)the presence of a digestive cavity.
D)the ability to consume both large and small food items.

Question 14

Cows are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of cellulose because

A)cows are autotrophic.
B)cows can manufacture all 20 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
C)unlike humans,the saliva the cow produces has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
D)cows have cellulose-digesting,symbiotic microorganisms in their rumens.

Question 15

One function of HCl secreted in the stomach is to convert pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin.Why don't stomach cells simply secrete pepsin instead?

A)Adequate amounts of pepsin are already manufactured by the pancreas.
B)Only the pepsinogen version is able to stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C)Pepsin is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.
D)If cells produced active pepsin,they would digest their own cellular proteins.

Question 16

Salivary glands secrete _________ to start the digestion of _________.

A)amylase;polysaccharides
B)trypsin;proteins
C)amylase;fats
D)pepsin;proteins
E)lactase;milk

Question 17

Cats cannot synthesize the amino acid taurine.This means that in cats,taurine

A)is not a required nutrient.
B)is an essential amino acid.
C)must be stored in cellular compartments.
D)is not present in their normal diet.

Question 18

The glandular secretions involved in digestion that would most likely be released as inactive precursors are

A)protein-digesting enzymes
B)fat-solubilizing bile salts
C)acid-neutralizing bicarbonate
D)carbohydrate-digesting enzymes

Question 19

Blockage of the bile duct would be expected to affect

A)lipid digestion.
B)protein digestion.
C)carbohydrate digestion.
D)nucleotide digestion.
E)cellulose digestion.

Question 20

Conversion of excess amino acids into carbohydrate and fats during the absorptive state takes place in the

A)liver.
B)brain.
C)intestine.
D)kidney.
E)heart.

Question 21

The only chyme molecule that is absorbed in significant amounts by the stomach is water.

Question 22

What would counteract a cause of heartburn?

A)A base
B)An acid
C)A salt

Question 23

A person whose ancestors were cattle herders is more likely to express the lactase gene as an adult.

Question 24

Fat absorbed by the small intestine enters the lymphatic system.

Question 25

Glucose enters cells by

A)osmosis.
B)diffusion.
C)facilitated transport.
D)active transport.
E)receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Question 26

Triglycerides enter the blood circulation as

A)chylomicrons.
B)micelles.
C)lipid rafts.
D)globules.
E)lipoproteins.

Question 27

All sugars are absorbed via secondary active transport.

Question 28

"Glycogenolysis" refers to the state where

A)glucose levels are increased in the blood through the breakdown of glycogen.
B)glucose levels are increased in the blood through the synthesis of glycogen.
C)glucose levels are decreased in the blood through the breakdown of glycogen.
D)glucose levels are decreased in the blood through the synthesis of glycogen.
E)glucose levels are increased in the blood as a result of lipolysis.

Question 29

Fats packaged in chylomicrons pass directly from epithelial cells to the bloodstream.

Question 30

"Gluconeogenesis" is the process in which

A)glucose levels are increased in the blood through the breakdown of carbohydrates.
B)glucose levels are decreased in the blood through the breakdown of carbohydrates.
C)glucose levels are increased in the blood by synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
D)glucose levels are decreased in the blood by synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
E)amino acids are generated for processes like building muscle tissuE.

Question 31

Triglycerides do not need to be chemically altered or broken down to cross the intestinal epithelium.

Question 32

Which hormone increases the absorption of glucose by the body's cells?

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)adrenocorticotropin
D)leptin
E)adrenaline

Question 33

Predict which organism would be in the best position to be able to undergo gluconeogenesis.

A)an organism with an elevated glucose level
B)an organism with an low insulin level
C)an organism with an elevated triglyceride level
D)an organism with an elevated leptin level

Question 34

Insulin is a product of the

A)pancreas.
B)stomach.
C)brain.
D)kidney.
E)liver.

Question 35

The large intestine concentrates undigested material by

A)ingestion of excess salts and water by intestinal bacteriA.
B)transporting excess salts and water back to the small intestine for absorption.
C)storing excess salts and water in the cecum.
D)absorption of salts and water across the epithelial surface of the lumen.

Question 36

Identify a monosaccharide that is absorbed from the digestive tract.

A)glycogen
B)starch
C)cellulose
D)glucose
E)lipoprotein

Question 37

Animals have the ability to generate glucose from proteins during prolonged postabsorptive states.

Question 38

Triglycerides are stored primarily in this type of tissue.

A)nervous
B)epithelial
C)muscular
D)adipose
E)cardiac

Question 39

Where are most glucose transporter proteins ("GLUTs")located when levels of the hormone insulin are LOW?

A)inserted into the plasma membrane
B)in the membranes of intracellular vesicles
C)inserted into the nuclear membrane
D)in the endoplasmic reticulum
E)in the liver-They are transported to other cells when glucose levels risE.