Deck 38: Excretory Systems and the Homeostasis of Internal Fluids

Question 1

Humans cannot survive at sea by drinking salt water.However,marine vertebrates such as sea turtles and various sea birds can survive by drinking salt water.What do they have that humans do not?

A)Kidneys that are extremely good at producing a concentrated urine
B)Body fluid concentrations that are similar to or greater than those of seawater
C)The ability to secrete salts and wastes into their intestinal contents like an insect
D)Use of ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste
E)Specialized gill epithelia

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The filtration step in the formation of urine for animals sorts materials only by

A)overall size with cells and proteins usually being kept out of the filtrate.
B)whether they are charged or not.
C)whether the substance in question is a waste product or not.
D)whether they contain nitrogen or not.
E)the hydration state of the body.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In the normal path of urine from the kidney to the bladder and out of the body,which structure,if blocked,would prevent urine from reaching any of the other structures?

A)collecting duct
B)renal pelvis
C)ureter
D)urethra
E)urethra $\rarr$ collecting duct $\rarr$ renal pelvis $\rarr$ ureter $\rarr$ urinary bladder

Answer 3

collecting duct

Question 4

When studying fluid and electrolyte loss during exercise,Robert Cade found that human sweat has sodium and chloride concentrations that are

A)higher than those found in the blood.
B)lower than those found in the blood.
C)equal to those found in the blood.
D)extremely variable from person to person relative to those found in the blooD.

Question 5

An increase in the extracellular concentration of salts will cause body cells to

A)lose water and shrink.
B)lose water and swell.
C)gain water and shrink.
D)gain water and swell.
E)metabolize water and heat up.

Question 6

The tuft of fenestrated capillaries at which filtration takes place in the mammalian kidney is referred to as the

A)glomerulus.
B)Bowman's capsule.
C)renal corpuscle.
D)proximal convoluted tubule.
E)collecting duct.

Question 7

The osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory problems facing a saltwater fish are

A)loss of water and loss of ions.
B)loss of water and gain of ions.
C)gain of water and loss of ions.
D)gain of water and gain of ions.
E)buildup of urea in tissues.

Question 8

A biologist discovers a new species of organism adapted to living in a deep underground cavern that provides no source of free water.The organism is eyeless and covered by fur,and it has a four chambered heart with a closed circulatory system.What excretory system adaptations to this extreme environment might the biologist expect to find?

A)very long malpighian tubules
B)very short malpighian tubules
C)metanephridia with a large number of nephridiopores
D)nephrons with long loops of Henle
E)nephrons with short loops of Henle

Question 9

Select the pair in which the nitrogenous waste is INCORRECTLY matched with the benefit of its excretion.

A)urea: low toxicity relative to ammonia
B)uric acid: can be stored and excreted as a precipitate
C)ammonia: very soluble in water
D)uric acid: minimal loss of water when excreted
E)urea: very insoluble in water

Question 10

The osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory problems facing a freshwater fish are

A)loss of water and loss of ions.
B)loss of water and gain of ions.
C)gain of water and loss of ions.
D)gain of water and gain of ions.
E)loss of urine and gain of ions.

Question 11

Ammonia,urea,and uric acid

A)are all nitrogenous wastes.
B)all require large amounts of water for excretion.
C)all require about the same amount of energy to produce.
D)are all equally toxic.
E)are all produced by the kidney.

Question 12

What is the correct rank order for relative energetic cost (most to least)of the primary nitrogenous wastes used by different animals?

A)ammonia $\rarr$ urea $\rarr$ uric acid
B)uric acid $\rarr$ urea $\rarr$ ammonia
C)urea $\rarr$ uric acid $\rarr$ ammonia
D)ammonia $\rarr$ uric acid $\rarr$ urea
E)urea $\rarr$ ammonia $\rarr$ uric acid

Question 13

The three main forms of nitrogenous wastes found in animals are

A)ammonia,urea,and uric acid.
B)ammonia,urea,and uracil.
C)ammonia,urea,and amino acids.
D)uracil,urea,and uric aciD.
E)amino acids,uracil,and uric acid.

Question 14

Which strategies would a seawater fish with an internal osmolarity of 320mOsm/L living in a marine environment of 1010mOsm/L utilize to maintain internal ion and water homeostasis?

A)produce copious amounts of dilute urine
B)drink seawater and actively excrete salts out of their bodies across the gills
C)don't drink seawater and actively transport salts into their bodies at the kidneys
D)drink seawater and actively transport salts into their bodies at the gills
E)All of the choices for this question are correct.

Question 15

What can be said about the transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule?

A)It results from active transport.
B)It transfers large molecules (e.g. ,proteins)as easily as small ones.
C)It is very selective as to which small molecules are transferred.
D)It is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluiD.
E)It usually includes the transfer of red blood cells to the nephron tubulE.

Question 16

The total solute concentration of a solution of water and other substances (salts,proteins,etc. )is referred to specifically as its

A)osmolarity.
B)tonicity.
C)salinity.
D)specific gravity.
E)density.

Question 17

What is the correct rank order for relative amount of water (most to least)required for excretion of the primary nitrogenous wastes used by different animals?

A)ammonia $\rarr$ urea $\rarr$ uric acid
B)uric acid $\rarr$ ammonia $\rarr$ urea
C)urea $\rarr$ uric acid $\rarr$ ammonia
D)ammonia $\rarr$ uric acid $\rarr$ urea
E)urea $\rarr$ ammonia $\rarr$ uric acid

Question 18

The excretory structures of annelids are referred to as

A)flame cells.
B)kidneys.
C)protonephridia.
D)metanephridia.
E)malpighian tubules.

Question 19

What is the most toxic primary nitrogenous waste?

A)ammonia
B)uric acid
C)urea
D)urine

Question 20

Consider a tadpole becoming a toad.You would expect to find it changing its form of nitrogenous waste from

A)ammonia to ureA.
B)urea,ammonia.
C)uric acid,urea.
D)urea,uric aciD.
E)uric acid,ammonia.

Question 21

The filtrate that leaves the proximal convoluted tubule is much more concentrated than the blood in humans.

Question 22

The bulk of the reabsorption of useful materials by the kidney takes place in the

A)renal corpuscle.
B)proximal convoluted tubule.
C)loop of Henle.
D)distal convoluted tubule.
E)collecting ducts.

Question 23

Predict what would happen to the volume of the urine if the descending portion of the loop of Henle ceased to function.

A)The volume of the urine would not change.
B)The volume of the urine would increase.
C)The volume of the urine would decrease.
D)The salt concentration of the urine would remain constant.

Question 24

The blood supply to the loop of Henle also exhibits a countercurrent arrangement.

Question 25

Diabetes mellitus results from a disorder of glucose uptake by systemic cells and can result in a number of symptoms including high levels of blood glucose and the presence of glucose in the urine .Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for the presence of glucose in the urine?

A)The reabsorption capacity of the kidney for glucose is exceeded.
B)A lack of sodium in the filtrate blocks the function of the Na⁺/glucose symport protein.
C)High levels of glucose interfere with ADH function.
D)The high levels of glucose induce a "dehydrated" state that promotes production of a large amount of dilute urine.
E)None of the choices given are a logical explanation for this observation.

Question 26

The ascending portion of the loop of Henle is

A)permeable to water and impermeable to sodium.
B)permeable to water and permeable to sodium.
C)impermeable to water and permeable to sodium.
D)impermeable to water and impermeable to sodium.
E)the site of active transport of water.

Question 27

Imagine you are examining a small mammal that lives under desert conditions and is water deprived.You would predict that levels of the hormone ADH in its blood would be

A)high,and that its urine would be more concentrated than its blood.
B)high,and that its urine would be less concentrated than its blood.
C)low,and that its urine would be more concentrated than its blood.
D)low,and that its urine would be less concentrated than its blooD.
E)high,and that its urine would be no more concentrated than its blood.

Question 28

In the United States,how many people suffer from kidney disease?

A)200,000
B)2,000,000
C)20,000,000
D)200,000,000

Question 29

Proper functioning of the human kidney requires considerable active transport of sodium in the kidney tubules.If these active transport mechanisms were to stop completely,how would urine production be affected?

A)No urine would be produced.
B)A lower-than-normal volume of urine which was less concentrated than the blood (hypotonic)would be produced.
C)A lower-than-normal volume of urine which was more concentrated than the blood (hypertonic)would be produced.
D)A greater-than-normal volume of urine equal in concentration to the blood (isotonic)would be produceD.
E)A greater-than-normal volume of urine that was more concentrated than the blood (hypertonic)would be produced.

Question 30

Sweat has a higher salt concentration than the blood does in humans.

Question 31

Imagine that a mutation occurs such that an insect lacks functional malpighian tubules.Predict the consequences for this creature.

A)There would be no consequences,as malphigian tubules are characteristic of earthworms,not insects.
B)The ability to filter waste would be severely impaired.
C)The ability to secrete waste would be severely impaired.
D)The ability to maintain water and salt balance in the body would be severely impaireD.

Question 32

If you measured the urine concentration of a freshwater fish,you would find that it was more concentrated than its blood.

Question 33

In the collecting ducts of the kidney,antidiuretic hormone promotes water conservation by increasing the levels of

A)aquaporins.
B)G-protein coupled receptors.
C)vasopressin.
D)Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase.
E)Na⁺/glucose symporters.

Question 34

Predict what would happen if the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron lost its ability to reabsorb materials.

A)The volume of the urine would increase dramatically.
B)Nitrogenous wastes would accumulate dramatically in the blood.
C)K⁺ ions,Na⁺ ions,and HCO₃^- ions would be lost unnecessarily.
D)Glucose would lost unnecessarily.
E)Glucose,K⁺ ions,Na⁺ ions,and HCO₃^- ions would be lost unnecessarily.

Question 35

The digestion and utilization of this material creates the greatest need for nitrogenous waste secretion by the kidneys.

A)collagen
B)amylose
C)oleic acid
D)glucose
E)lactose

Question 36

If you measured the urine concentration of a saltwater fish,you would find that it was more concentrated than its blood.

Question 37

What is the path of fluid as it is filtered from the blood and flows through the nephron?

A)Bowman's capsule $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of Henle $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct
B)collecting duct $\rarr$ Bowman's capsule $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of Henle $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule
C)Bowman's capsule $\rarr$ loop of Henle $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct
D)Bowman's capsule $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of Henle $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct
E)collecting duct $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ loop of Henle $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ Bowman's capsule