Deck 42: Animal Behavior

Question 1

What are possible benefits to an animal of defending a territory? Check all that apply.
__X__ access to mates
__X__ optimal nesting/breeding sites
_____ decreased foraging time
_____ increased intraspecific competition
__X__ increased food resources

Answer 1

Review section 42.3.

Question 2

Researchers have found that an octopus given a clear plastic box with three different types of lids and a crab inside will eventually figure out how to get at least one of the lids open to get the crab.They have also shown that after a new octopus observes a veteran octopus (who already knows how to open the box),the new octopus is able to open the box and always uses the same type of lid that the veteran used.What term best describes these behaviors?

A)habituation
B)proximate
C)learning
D)imprinting
E)innate

Answer 2

C

Question 3

After removing some freshly baked cookies from the oven,you accidentally brush the side of the pan with your bare hand.Your reflexes kick in and you immediately draw your hand away.What is the proximate cause of this behavior?

A)Through operant conditioning,you have learned to associate the heat of the pan with pain and to remove your hand when it feels heat.
B)Drawing your hand away quickly when it encounters high heat prevents injury,thereby increasing your chances to survive and reproduce.
C)Sensory receptors in the skin of your hand sent a signal to interneurons in your spinal cord,which subsequently signaled the motor neurons in your arm and hand to contract,drawing your hand away.
D)You perceived the heat,judged that it would cause a burn if you left your hand in place too long,and made a conscious decision to pull your hand away.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

After giving birth,female bighorn sheep lick their newborn lambs.This behavior continues off and on for up to 6 hours,after which mothers no longer lick their lambs.What is/are possible ultimate cause(s)of this behavior? Check all that apply.

Question 5

The use of pheromones to attract a mate is an example of what type of communication?

A)visual
B)tactile
C)chemical
D)auditory
E)genetic

Question 6

Modifications of previous behavior based on experience represent

A)learning.
B)proximate causes.
C)external stimuli.
D)adaptations.
E)instincts.

Question 7

Why do many animals do most of their calling at dawn and dusk?

A)Most predators are not active at those time.
B)Air is less turbulent and carries sound better.
C)Pheromones are released at dawn and dusk.
D)Animals preferentially mate at night.
E)Imprinting behaviors are better received at those timE.

Question 8

Rats learning to press a lever to receive food is an example of

A)avoidance.
B)operant conditioning.
C)habituation.
D)classical conditioning.
E)negative reinforcement.

Question 9

What is the process through which many animals develop irreversible species-specific behavior patterns?

A)altruism
B)habituation
C)operant conditioning
D)associative learning
E)imprinting

Question 10

In a songbird species,defending a territory saved the bird 584 calories a day in reduced foraging activity,but cost the bird 656 calories in defense of the territory.In this case,is defending the territory consistent with the predictions on optimality theory?

A)No,because because a bird of this species will lose 72 calories per day due to defending the territory.
B)Yes,because because a bird of this species will save 72 calories per day due to defending the territory.
C)No,because there are no additional benefits aside from food to defending a territory.
D)No,because because a bird of this species won't be able to invest in parental care when defending the territory.
E)Yes,because because a bird of this species will minimize predation risk by defending the territory.

Question 11

The coefficient of relatedness of a human child to its full sibling is,on average,

A)0.25.
B)0.5.
C)0.75.
D)1.
E)1.5.

Question 12

______ is the observable response of organisms to external or internal stimuli.

A)Ecology
B)Behavioral ecology
C)Behavior
D)Genetic inheritance
E)Instinct

Question 13

What is the main difference between habituation and conditioning?

A)Habituation involves learning,while conditioning does not.
B)Habituation involves genetic imprinting,while conditioning involves only learned behavior.
C)Habituation involves a stimulus with no association,while conditioning involves a stimulus with an association.
D)Habituation involves an increase in the intensity of response,while conditioning involves a decrease in intensity of response.
E)Habituation lacks an external stimulus,while conditioning involves both external and internal stimuli.

Question 14

Behaviors that appear to be genetically programmed are called

A)innate.
B)ultimate.
C)fixed action patterns.
D)proximate.
E)voluntary.

Question 15

What tissues or structures in an animal's body would likely be targets of genes for behavior? Check all that apply.
__X__ brain
_____ kidneys
__X__ quadriceps
__X__ dendrites
_____ lungs

Question 16

Lions in east African safari parks learn to ignore the presence of safari vehicles.This form is learning is

A)compensatory.
B)operant.
C)cognitive.
D)genetic.
E)habituation.

Question 17

According to kin selection and Hamilton's rule,a person should die to save the life of

A)one full brother.
B)two half brothers.
C)four grandparents.
D)one parent.
E)nine cousins.

Question 18

Classical conditioning such as the salivating of Pavlov's dog in response to a metronome is based on a(n)

A)operant condition.
B)sign stimulus.
C)involuntary response.
D)habituation.
E)critical period.

Question 19

A behavior that benefits others at a cost to oneself is known as

A)cooperation.
B)altruism.
C)agression.
D)group selection.
E)association.

Question 20

A typical human yawn lasts for about six seconds and once initiated,is nearly impossible to stop.Although there are many hypotheses for why we yawn,it is accepted that yawning is contagious - when we see someone else yawn,we often find ourselves yawning as well.This happens across all cultures and even in infants! In this case,the yawn an individual observes is ____________,while their own yawn is ____________.

A)an association,a conditioned response
B)a releaser,an innate behavior
C)innate behavior,habituation
D)reflex response,learned behavior

Question 21

Operant conditioning proceeds through trial and error.

Question 22

What is an assumption of group selection?

A)infanticide
B)lack of immigration
C)no natural selection
D)high rates of mutation
E)resource prediction

Question 23

The main advantage of a territory is that it provides exclusive access to some resource.

Question 24

Hamilton's Rule could be used to calculate the strength of ___________ in a population.

A)sexual selection.
B)kin selection.
C)natural selection.
D)genetic relatedness.
E)group selection.

Question 25

The situation in which some offspring are haploid and others diploid is referred to as

A)eusociality.
B)viviparity.
C)haplodiploidy.
D)didiploidy.
E)dihaploidy.

Question 26

What is the only known eusocial mammal?

A)humans
B)naked mole rats
C)Belding's ground squirrels
D)prairie dogs
E)honeybees

Question 27

Territory marking is common in canids and felids.

Question 28

Hippopotamuses form groups called pods while in the water,where they spend their daytime hours,but forage solitarily on land at night.Mothers isolate themselves from the pod to give birth and for an additional 10-60 days.After this isolation period,they return to the pod,but raise their calves alone,with no help from the father or from other females.Adult hippopotamuses have no known predators,but young hippos are occasionally preyed upon by crocodiles,lions,and hyenas.Based on these facts,what is the most likely explanation for the diurnal group living of hippos?

A)the many-eyes hypothesis
B)locating food sources
C)the "selfish herd" concept
D)access to mates
E)reciprocal altruism

Question 29

Polyandry is the most common mating strategy.

Question 30

Intrasexual selection is most closely associated with what type of mating system?

A)promiscuous
B)monogamous
C)polygynous
D)polyandrous

Question 31

What would you expect to observe in a species with a promiscuous mating system?

A)Intrasexual selection is very strong,with larger females.
B)Intrasexual selection is very strong,with larger males.
C)A female mates with a different male in every breeding season.
D)Males remain with females to help raise young.
E)Females interfere with any attempts by males to mate with other females.

Question 32

In what type of mating system is marked sexual dimorphism unlikely?

A)monogamy
B)polygyny
C)polygamy
D)polyandry
E)polygamy and polyandry

Question 33

Adaptive explanations for behaviors seek to get at ultimate causes for those behaviors.

Question 34

Digger wasps orient using

A)pheromones.
B)sight.
C)magnetic fields.
D)smell.
E)sound waves.

Question 35

Ten songbirds are isolated at birth and not exposed to any adults songs as a juveniles.After six months,it is observed that they sing the normal adult songs of their species.What can be concluded about the singing behavior in this particular species?

A)It is a combination of innate and learned behavior.
B)It is a learned behavior.
C)It is an imprinted behavior.
D)It is an innate behavior.
E)It is an operant responsE.

Question 36

Most bird species that form flocks show a negative relationship between flock size and individual vigilance (i.e. ,the larger the flock,the less often an individual lifts its head to scan the surrounding environment).However,some bird species have shown a positive relationship between flock size and individual vigilance.The positive relationship is particularly strong when flocks are space-constrained,such as in small ponds or fields.What is the most likely explanation for this?

A)As flock size increases,the number of "cheaters" increases,so individuals must spend more time scanning for predators.
B)As flock size increases,the risk for interference and aggression between members increases,so individuals must scan for both conspecifics and predators.
C)As flock size increases,the risk of predation for any given member increases,so individuals must spend more time scanning for predators.
D)As flock size increases,mating opportunities decrease,so individuals must spend more time scanning for potential mates.

Question 37

Communal courting areas are called

A)leks.
B)mating structures.
C)resource areas.
D)territories.
E)breeding grounds.

Question 38

Naked mole rats are haplodiploid.

Question 39

In honeybees,if food is closer than 50 m,scouts

A)perform a waggle dance about the food's location.
B)perform a round dance about the food's proximity.
C)perform a round dance about predation risk.
D)look for other fooD.
E)do not perform a dancE.

Question 40

You discover a new bird species,but so far have only observed ten nesting females.The female birds are small and mostly brown,with a bit of red around their tails and throats.After the eggs hatch,you perform genetic tests which reveal that all chicks within a nest share the same father,but some chicks across nests also share a father.Based on this,what would you predict about the males of this species?

A)They will be larger than the females with more and brighter red coloration.
B)They will appear the same as the females.
C)They will be smaller than the females with similar coloration.
D)They will be smaller than the females with less red coloration.

Question 41

In a population of hawks and doves,the winner of a contest between two individuals earns +20 and the loser earns 0.The cost of injury is -80,while the cost of a display is -10.What is the average reward in a hawk versus hawk contest?

Question 42

In a population of hawks and doves,the winner of a contest between two individuals earns +20 and the loser earns 0.The cost of injury is -80,while the cost of a display is -10.If the proportion of hawks,h,is 0.4,is the population in a stable equilibrium?
D.The average reward for each type of player is the reward for each type of contest,multiplied by the probability of engaging in that type of contest.
H = -30(0.4)+ 20(0.6)= -12 + 12 = 0

Question 43

In a population of hawks and doves,the winner of a contest between two individuals earns +20 and the loser earns 0.The cost of injury is -80,while the cost of a display is -10.What is the average outcome in a dove versus dove contest?

Question 44

A study on barn swallows showed a significant relationship between tail length in males and resistance to a parasitic mite.What concept was the study likely investigating?

A)Kin selection
B)Intersexual selection
C)Eusociality
D)Game theory
E)Intrasexual selection