Deck 25: Animal Diversity: Invertebrates

Question 1

Segmention is a characteristic feature of

A)CnidariA.
B)Arthropoda.
C)Platyhelminthes.
D)Rotifera.
E)Nematoda.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

You are given an embryo with four cells and you carefully separate them and allow them to develop in separate containers.Each of the cells forms a complete embryo that develops normally into an adult animal.How would you categorize your animal?

A)It has indeterminate cleavage.
B)It has determinate cleavage.
C)It is a protostome.
D)It is an annelid,mollusk,or arthropoD.
E)It has spiral cleavagE.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Triploblastic animals are animals that

A)form three separate blastulas from a single embryo.
B)produce three eggs,each of which forms a single blastula.
C)form three blastopores in each blastula.
D)have a blastula composed of three cells.
E)have three germ layers.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

When division of the zygote reaches the eight-cell stage and the planes of cleavage of the upper four cells line up with those of the bottom four cells so that two tiers of cells result,one directly above the other,the type of cleavage is called

A)direct cleavage.
B)spiral cleavage.
C)indirect cleavage.
D)protostome cleavage.
E)radial cleavagE.

Question 5

Why are choanoflagellates considered to be the ancestor of animals?

A)similarities in cell structure
B)similarities in rRNA
C)similarities in DNA
D)similarities in embryonic development

Question 6

Forelimbs form at the junction of the neck and thoracic vertebrae,the position of which is controlled by HoxC-6 genes.Several kinds of vertebrates from different classes are limbless,including limbless lizards,and amphibians known as caecilians.All descended from limbed forms.On the basis of recent research in genetics,what would you conclude about the functioning of their HoxC-6 genes?

A)The site of expression of their HoxC-6 genes may have moved anteriorly until the level of expression has eliminated the neck region.
B)The site of expression of their HoxC-6 genes would be the same as that of limbed vertebrates but is simply turned off early in development.
C)Their HoxC-6 gene has mutated and serves a different function than in limbed vertebrates.
D)The effect of the HoxC-6 gene is masked by another gene that is dominant to it.

Question 7

A horseshoe-shaped crown of tentacles used by many invertebrates for feeding is called a

A)protostome.
B)fimbrium.
C)lophophore.
D)trochophore.
E)rhizophorE.

Question 8

Coelomates are

A)two embryos that develop in the same coelom.
B)animals that have a true coelom.
C)animals that have two coeloms.
D)animals that have no coelom.
E)animals in which the coelom disappears at gastrulation.

Question 9

What is the fate of the embryonic germ layers?

A)The endoderm forms the gut,the ectoderm forms the epidermis and parts of the nervous system,and the mesoderm forms muscles and most internal organs.
B)The endoderm forms the gut,the ectoderm forms the reproductive tract and endocrine system,and the mesoderm forms muscles and most internal organs.
C)The endoderm forms the inner part of all internal organs,the mesoderm forms the middle parts,and the ectoderm forms the outer coverings.
D)The layers are sequential structures that all disappear during development,with the endoderm appearing first and then is replaced by the mesoderm,which in turn is supplanted by the ectoderm.
E)The endoderm is an embryonic structure that disappears early,whereas the ectoderm persists as the skin and the mesoderm as the internal organs.

Question 10

A distinctive type of larva shared by several phyla of invertebrates and considered to be important in phylogeny is the

A)trochophore.
B)paedomorph.
C)gastrula.
D)metamere.
E)tadpolE.

Question 11

Cephalization is

A)embryonic development of the head in advance of the rest of the body.
B)concentration of the sensory organs on the posterior end of the body.
C)concentration of the sensory organs on the anterior end of the body.
D)an evolutionary degeneration of the head as seen in some parasites.
E)a malformation of the head.

Question 12

Germ layers are

A)layers infected with bacteriA.
B)embryonic layers with different developmental potentials.
C)layers of cells surrounding the egg prior to fertilization.
D)colonial protists arranged in layers.
E)layers of gametes.

Question 13

Differentiate between Parazoa and Eumetazoa.

A)Parazoa have only one kind of cell during their life cycle whereas Eumetazoa have many kinds of cells throughout their life cycle.
B)The various cells types of Parazoa do not form permanent associations into tissues during their life cycle,whereas Eumetazoa possess true,stable tissues.
C)Parazoans are only haploid during their life cycle,whereas eumetazoans are diploid with haploid sex cells at various stages of their life cycle.
D)Parazoans invert during their development whereas eumetazoans do not invert at any time during their life cycle.
E)Parazoans have mobile gametes while eumetazoans do not.

Question 14

What is a characteristic of most animals?

A)They have Hox genes.
B)They are autotrophic.
C)They lack an extracellular matrix of proteins such as collagen.
D)They have cell walls.

Question 15

Bilateria are characterized by

A)a plane of symmetry that forms mirror images around a vertical plane in the midline.
B)a plane of symmetry that forms mirror images around a horizontal plane in the midline.
C)a plane of symmetry around a transverse plane across the center of the body so that the front and back halves are mirror images.
D)a plane of symmetry that forms mirror images around an oblique plane in the midline.
E)a plane of symmetry that forms mirror images around any plane through the longitudinal midline of the body.

Question 16

Molecular techniques led to the reinterpretation of morphologically based phylogeny such that

A)Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa were designated as clades.
B)Bilateria was designated as a monophyletic group.
C)annelids and arthropods were designated as closely related.
D)rotifers and nematodes were designated as closely relateD.
E)echinoderms and chordates were placed in entirely different clades.

Question 17

The recent reassessment of animal classification is the result of

A)new data from Carl Linnaeus.
B)comparisons of DNA and rRNA among different taxa.
C)new,genetically engineered species.
D)developing resistance to antibiotics.
E)new morphological data.

Question 18

What is a unifying feature of all animals,but is not seen outside of the animal kingdom?

A)They are terrestrial or secondarily aquatic.
B)They are unicellular.
C)They have immobile gametes.
D)The nature of their small subunit rRNA gene sequences is different.
E)They have a cell wall.

Question 19

Attribute one of these statements to the blastopore.

A)It is the opening from the blastocoel to the outside.
B)It is the opening from the digestive tract to the inside.
C)It can develop into the brain in some animals.
D)It can develop into the gut in some animals.
E)It occurs in both protostomes and deuterostomes.

Question 20

What was a major morphological criterion on which traditional classification of animals was based?

A)presence or absence of a true body cavity
B)presence or absence of specialized cells
C)presence or absence of genetic material
D)presence or absence of cell wall
E)basic pattern of cell division

Question 21

You are examining a new animal species.You find that you can pass a line through any longitudinal plane and find equal halves.Evaluate the symmetry of this animal.

A)spherical
B)radial
C)bilateral

Question 22

What does the mesoderm have to do with the designation of a true coelom?

A)The mesoderm gives rise to the fluid found within the coelom.
B)The mesoderm gives rise to the lining of the coelom.
C)The mesoderm gives rise to the outer covering of the coelom.
D)The mesoderm gives rise to the structure of the coelom wall.
E)The mesoderm has nothing to do with the coelom.

Question 23

If it were found that all animals except the Parazoa had a particular set of genes,one could conclude

A)that those genes are not useful in interpreting phylogeny.
B)that Darwin was incorrect in his idea about descent with modification.
C)that the Parazoa are not animals.
D)that those genes probably are related to the embryonic formation of tissues.
E)that those genes are related to cell wall formation.

Question 24

What is the primary characteristic that groups phyla within the Ecdysozoa?

A)They all have tropchophore larvae.
B)They shed their exoskeletons.
C)They all have spiral cleavage.
D)They all have segmentation.

Question 25

If you conducted an experiment in which you took a complete animal that had no germ layers and strained it through a fine-mesh cloth so that all its cells separated,then you placed all the cells together and they reunited to form a new animal,to which phylum would that animal likely belong? (This was an actual experiment. )

A)Platyhelminthes
B)Porifera
C)Ctenophora
D)Nematoda
E)Arthropoda

Question 26

If a coelom had been present in a species but was then lost over time,which function would you hypothesize could be most affected?

A)nervous
B)muscular
C)reproductive
D)digestive

Question 27

The animal kingdom is a monophyletic grouping.

Question 28

Compare a pseudocoelom to a coelom.

A)A coelom is completely enclosed by mesoderm whereas a pseudocoelom has an outer covering of mesoderm and an inner one of endoderm.
B)A pseudocoelom is completely enclosed by mesoderm whereas a coelom has an outer covering of mesoderm and an inner one of endoderm.
C)The coelom is enclosed by ectoderm and the pseudocoelom is enclosed by endoderm.
D)The pseudocoelom is enclosed by ectoderm and the coelom is enclosed by endoderm.
E)The coelom is enclosed by ectoderm and the pseudocoelom is enclosed by mesoderm.

Question 29

The placement of the phylum Platyhelminthes in the phylogenetic tree differs between a morphologically based phylogeny and a molecular based phylogeny.How do scientists best differentiate the interpretation based on molecular phylogeny?

A)Modern Platyhelminthes do not have a coelom but did originate from an ancestor that had one.
B)The Platyhelminthes clade separated from other clades before coeloms evolved and consequently Platyhelminthes have never had a coelom.
C)Platyhelminthes originated from ancestors with a coelom and have retained it to the present time.
D)Platyhelminthes evolved from an ancestor without a coelom but developed one during the course of their evolution.
E)Some Platyhelminthes have a coelom but others do not and it is difficult to conclude anything about its evolution within the cladE.

Question 30

Echinoderms are classified as Bilateria,but although they start out as bilateral larvae,they change into radially symmetrical adults.You might hypothesize that their genes controlling the development of radial symmetry are

A)different from those controlling development of symmetry in all other radially symmetrical animals.
B)similar to genes controlling body form in Porifera.
C)similar to genes controlling body form in Ctenophora.
D)similar to genes controlling body form in the lophophorates.
E)similar to a common set of genes controlling body form in Ctenohora,and lophophorates.

Question 31

Suppose you discover a new species of animal that does not have body segments,but is triploblastic,coelomate,and cephalized.Under the molecular phylogenetic scheme,you would allocate it to which phylum?

A)Mollusca
B)Echinodermata
C)Nematoda
D)Platyhelminthes
E)Arthropoda

Question 32

Ecdysis is

A)development of the ectoderm layer in the gastrulA.
B)development of the epidermis from the ectoderm.
C)disintegration of the ectoderm.
D)molting of the exoskeleton.
E)the feeding tentacles of the Ecdysozoa.

Question 33

What is a valid distinction between a blastocoel,an archenteron,and a coelom?

A)During development these cavities appear in the sequence blastocoel,archenteron,coelom.
B)The blastocoel forms the cavity of the digestive tract,the archenteron forms the chest cavity,and the coelom forms the cavity of the digestive tract.
C)The coelom is bounded only by an external germ layer,the archenteron is bounded by inner and outer layers of germ cells,and the blastocoel is a cavity within the mesoderm.
D)The coelom has a direct opening to the outside of the embryo whereas the other two cavities do not.

Question 34

A pseudocoelom is a cavity that develops into the coelom during embryonic development.

Question 35

A hydrostatic skeleton has no bones or cartilage.

Question 36

If two otherwise dissimilar organisms share similar genomic DNA,to what would you attribute the genomic similarity?

A)The shared genes are ancient and probably no longer function within the altered physiological states of modern organisms.
B)The shared genes have evolved a number of times and have no phylogenetic significance.
C)The two taxa are more closely related than formerly believed.
D)The shared genes developed early in evolution and are likely to be applicable to a wide diversity of organisms.
E)DNA is not a reliable basis for phylogenetic decisions.

Question 37

An acoelomate is an animal that

A)has a coelom.
B)has a pseudocoelom.
C)has both a coelom and a pseudocoelom.
D)has neither a coelom nor a pseudocoelom.
E)has a coelom during early development but later loses it.

Question 38

What phyla of animals has the greatest number of species?

A)Arthropoda
B)Chordata
C)Mollusca
D)Annelida
E)Nematoda

Question 39

Gastrulation is the development of the gastrula into an embryo.

Question 40

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)is used as a tool for

A)breaking down DNA for analysis.
B)amplifying the amount of DNA to provide a large sample.
C)fragmenting DNA into smaller pieces.
D)rearranging the gene sequences in isolated fragments of DNA.
E)extracting DNA from nuclei.

Question 41

The protrusible rasping organ in a mollusk's mouth that is used to scrape food from the substrate is

A)a veliger.
B)a visceral mass.
C)composed of nacre.
D)a radula.
E)an ammonitE.

Question 42

You are observing the embryonic development of a new species in your laboratory.This species has indeterminate development.You note a mutation in which one of the blastomeres (early cells)mutates and loses its function.What do you hypothesize would happen to this organism?

A)Nothing--the remaining blastomeres would accomodate the formation of the necessary structures of the embryo.
B)Immediate embryo death--the remaining blastomeres could not accomodate the formation of the necessary structures of the embryo.
C)Uncertain future for the embryo--depending on which blastomere was lost,the remaining blastomeres might accomodate the formation of the necessary structures of the embryo.
D)The embryo would certainly lack some features as a result of the lost blastomere.

Question 43

Radiata have neither an anterior end nor a posterior end.

Question 44

You are asked to study a new species,and you are presented with a miniscule amount of DNA from that species.If you do not find a way to increase the volume of the DNA sample,you will not be able to work with the sample at all.Which technique should you use to increase the amount of DNA in the sample?

A)electrophoresis
B)PCR
C)DNA fragmentation
D)cladistics

Question 45

What is the correct sequence of stages in the life cycle of the Chinese liver fluke?

A)adult,egg with miracidium,cercaria,sporocyst,rediae,metacercaria,adult
B)adult,egg with miracidium,sporocyst,rediae,metacercaria,cercaria,adult
C)adult,egg with miracidium,metacercaria,sporocyst,rediae,cercaria,adult
D)adult,sporocyst,rediae,cercaria,metacercaria,egg with miracidium,adult
E)adult,egg with miracidium,sporocyst,rediae,cercaria,metacercaria,adult

Question 46

Gastrulation is brought about by an invagination of the blastula.

Question 47

Characterize the life cycle of cnidarians.

A)All species have both polyps and medusae.
B)Some have only polyps,some have both polyps and medusae,and others have medusae and a reduced polyp stage.
C)Some species have only medusae and others have both polyps and medusae.
D)Some species have only polyps and others have both polyps and medusae.
E)Some species have polyps and others have medusae,but no species has both.

Question 48

In earthworms,what do the nerve cord,the setae,the circular muscles,and the metanephridia have in common?

A)They are serially repeated in the segments of the body.
B)They are all used in locomotion.
C)They all play a role in excretion of waste from the body.
D)They all play a role in the reproductive activities of the earthworm.

Question 49

Your colleague is studying a newly-discovered organism.She is becoming increasingly convinced that the organism is an arthropod.You find that you must respectfully disagree when you note that the organism has a set of distinctly non-arthropod characteristics.The features that cause you to exclude the organism from the arthropod grouping are

A)jointed legs,ecdysis,and an exoskeleton.
B)antennae,six legs,and mandibles.
C)compound eyes,book lungs,and a hemocoel.
D)Malpighian tubules,ommatidia,and tagmata.
E)pseudocoel,closed circulatory system,and ventral heart.

Question 50

All eumetazoans have cell junctions.

Question 51

Which feature do Bryozoans possess that brachiopods lack?

A)a lophophore
B)a true coelom
C)an exoskeleton
D)a shell

Question 52

The tracheae of adult terrestrial insects have been a factor in the great abundance of insects because they serve the same function in terms of the delivery of respiratory gases to the cells as do

A)the gills of aquatic insects.
B)the lungs of mammals.
C)the book lungs of spiders.
D)the closed circulatory system of cephalopods.
E)the Malphigian tubules of spiders.

Question 53

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is important to human medicine because it

A)causes elephantiasis,a disease of the lymph glands that causes the legs of humans to swell.
B)is an intestinal parasite in human digestive tracts.
C)has programmed cell death and therefore is useful in cancer and AIDS research.
D)is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes high fevers.

Question 54

How does an open circulatory system differ from a closed one?

A)An open circulatory system has vessels that open into cavities called sinuses whereas a closed circulatory system has only vessels.
B)A closed circulatory system is completely encased in the body cavity whereas the open one is not.
C)An open circulatory system opens into the heart whereas the closed circulatory system does not.
D)An open circulatory system opens into arteries and is drained by veins whereas in a closed one it is just the reverse.
E)An open circulatory system drains into the mantle cavity whereas a closed circulatory system drains into the hemolymph.

Question 55

The choanocytes have a flagellum that moves water through the sponge and a collar that extracts food particles from the water.In what group have you encountered very similar cells before?

A)the choanoflagellates
B)the chytrids
C)the Euglenozoa
D)the charophytes
E)the Foraminifera

Question 56

In which part of a sponge's body does fertilization occur?

A)the ostium
B)the mesohyl
C)the spicule
D)the spongin
E)the amoebocyte

Question 57

Describe the route of water through a sponge.

A)enters through the osculum,flows into the central cavity,and exits via the pores
B)enters through the central cavity,flows into the osculum,and exits via the pores
C)enters through the pores,flows into the osculum,and exits via the central cavity
D)enters through the pores,flows into the central cavity,and exits via the osculum
E)enters through the osculum,flows through the pores,and exits via the central cavity

Question 58

The nervous system of a cnidarian consists of a central ganglion leading into a nerve net.

Question 59

If a mutation occurred in a human such that the pharyngeal slits never formed,what do you predict would be the consequence?

A)A cleft palate would form.
B)The eustachian tubes would not form.
C)The thyroid gland would not form.
D)The glottis would not form.
E)The opening to the voice box would not form.

Question 60

The osculum of a sponge is entirely blocked by a fungal infection.Predict what will happen.

A)Water will be unable to enter the sponge.
B)Choanocytes will no longer be able to function.
C)Digestion will be prevented from occurring.
D)The flow of water out of the sponge will decrease.

Question 61

There are no parasitic crustaceans.

Question 62

The two body forms of some Radiata is an example of alternation of generations.

Question 63

Each arm of the starfish differs internally,one being specialized for reproduction,another for respiration,a third for digestion,a fourth for the water vascular system,and the fifth for the nervous and circulatory systems.

Question 64

All Platyhelminthes are parasitic.

Question 65

Millipedes have a thousand legs whereas centipedes have only a hundred legs.

Question 66

What would be necessary for a sponge to survive if it had a reduced number of choanocytes?

A)Phagocytic food gathering would have to increase.
B)The outer protective layer would need to thicken.
C)Intracellular digestion by choanocytes would have to increase.
D)Spicule production by amoebocytes would have to increase.

Question 67

The invertebrate group most closely related to the vertebrates is the

A)EchinodermatA.
B)Urochordata.
C)Cephalochordata.
D)Ophiouroidea.
E)Notochordata.

Question 68

Although a medusa and a polyp look different,they have similar body plans.

Question 69

A sea star suffers from an infection that affects its ampullae.Due to the infection,the ampullae no long function.What do you predict will be the effect on the sea star.

A)No noticeable effect will occur.
B)The sea star will be unable to reproduce.
C)The sea star will be unable to extend its tube feet.
D)The sea star will be unable to store energy.

Question 70

Echinoderms have an exoskeleton.

Question 71

Despite your best attempts to convince her otherwise,your friend is very afraid of spiders and all "bugs," which to her means insects.When you note that spiders are not insects,she claims they are the same thing.You finally convince her that spiders are not insects because,for one thing,spiders

A)lack an exoskeleton.
B)have a calcium-carbonate layer outside the exoskeleton.
C)are segmented.
D)have two body segments joined by a pedicel.

Question 72

What is the route of water in the water vascular system of a starfish?

A)Water enters through the madreporite into the ring canal and from thence into the radial canals to the ampullae and finally into the tube feet.
B)Water enters the madreporite into the radial canals and from thence into the ring canal,then the ampullae and finally into the tube feet.
C)Water enters the madreporite into the ampullae and from thence into the ring canal,then the radial canals to the ampullae and finally into the tube feet.
D)Water enters the ampullae and then goes to the tube feet and from thence to the radial canals,then the ring canal,and finally exits through the madreporite.
E)Water enters the ring canal,then goes into the radial canals,and finally through the madreporite to the ampullae and tube feet.

Question 73

The change of a larval form of insect to a different adult form is known as

A)tagmosis.
B)incomplete metamorphosis.
C)complete metamorphosis.
D)an instar.
E)a chrysalis.

Question 74

The diversification of insects is related to the diversification of food sources in the environment.

Question 75

Scorpions do not lay eggs but rather give birth to live young.

Question 76

Some vertebrates like frogs and humans do not have a conspicuous tail,yet even humans have the remnants of one known as the

A)sacrum.
B)lumbar.
C)fundus.
D)coccyx.

Question 77

Your lab group is assigned an unknown organism to identify to the level of phylum.You have it narrowed down to either Phylum Porifera or Phylum Cnidaria.Which feature would allow you to identify the phylum of your unknown creature?

A)presence of a central cavity
B)presence of epidermal covering
C)presence of one large external opening
D)presence of pores
E)presence of flagellated cells

Question 78

You are presented with an animal that resembles a jellyfish.As you examine it further,what characteristic would allow you to conclude that it belongs to the Phylum Ctenophora rather than the Phylum Cnidaria?

A)complete digestive tract
B)tentacles
C)gonads
D)stinging cells

Question 79

Predict what would happen to a sponge that could no longer produce spicules.

A)Intracellular digestion would cease.
B)Water circulation would be greatly impeded.
C)Gametes could no longer be produced.
D)Vulnerability to predation would increase.