Deck 9: Qualitative Data Analysis

Question 1

Which of the following is True about negative case analysis?

A) It helps to establish boundaries and conditions for the theories developed by qualitative researchers.
B) It mainly involves the determination of mean in numerical data.
C) Negative case analysis is restricted to the data reduction stage of qualitative analyses.
D) It primarily calculates the range of a given quantitative data.
E) Negative case analysis is restricted to the memoing stage of qualitative analyses.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Quantitative analysis is different from qualitative analysis in that quantitative analysis:

A) is largely inductive.
B) mainly deals with textual data.
C) is guided entirely by the researchers.
D) employs member checking.
E) tends to be ongoing and iterative.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Lisa conducts a qualitative study of people's shopping behavior online. She compares her results to that of similar studies and finds a similarity in the coding of data. On the basis of the given information, we can say that Lisa's study:

A) has emic validity.
B) has cross-researcher reliability.
C) is not generalizable.
D) is quantifiable.
E) is not credible.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

_____ is an attribute of qualitative research that affirms that key members within a culture or subculture agree with the findings of a research report.

A) Iteration
B) Triangulation
C) Cross-researcher reliability
D) Emic validity
E) Tabulation

Question 5

In the context of qualitative research, the triangulation technique requires that:

A) textual data be converted to numerical data.
B) a single data set be used for the entire study.
C) the analysis of data begin after the complete collection of data.
D) research inquiry be addressed from multiple perspectives.
E) data collection occur during a single time period.

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates a recursive relationship?

A) Job satisfaction increases job performance, which in turn increases leadership opportunities within a company.
B) Job satisfaction decreases job performance, which in turn decreases leadership opportunities within a company.
C) Job satisfaction increases job performance and thus compensation earned on the job, which in turn increases job satisfaction.
D) Advertising leads to sales growth, which leads to greater market power.
E) Advertising leads to sales growth and thus greater market power, which in turn results in higher consumer satisfaction.

Question 7

A researcher reads transcripts from a study and categorizes the data. The researcher then arranges similar responses together. This process is referred to as:

A) data reduction.
B) member checking.
C) peer reviewing.
D) verification of data.
E) sugging.

Question 8

_____ is the process through which researchers build theory that is grounded, or based on the data collected.

A) Member checking
B) Peer reviewing
C) Verification
D) Triangulation
E) Integration

Question 9

Peer review is a process in which research analysis is reviewed by:

A) key informants who are being studied.
B) external qualitative methodology and topic area specialists.
C) policy makers who will use the study's findings to make decisions.
D) managers who commission the study.
E) the participants of the study who received the placebo.

Question 10

In the context of qualitative data analysis, a document that lists the different themes or categories for a particular study is called a:

A) vision statement.
B) multiple-item sheet.
C) code sheet.
D) debriefing sheet.
E) memo.

Question 11

Which of the following is True about qualitative analysis?

A) The data used in qualitative analysis is numerical in nature.
B) Qualitative data mainly quantifies the magnitude of variables.
C) Qualitative analysis is typically guided entirely by the researcher.
D) Qualitative analysis employs the method of member checking.
E) Qualitative data is not inductive.

Question 12

Which of the following is the first step in the data reduction process?

A) Categorization
B) Comparison
C) Integration
D) Iteration
E) Memoing

Question 13

The difference between quantitative and qualitative analyses is that:

A) the data used in qualitative analyses is numerical in nature.
B) qualitative data quantifies the magnitude of variables.
C) quantitative analysis tends to be ongoing and iterative.
D) quantitative analysis employs member checking.
E) qualitative data analysis is largely inductive.

Question 14

In the context of data reduction, the _____ process primarily involves working through the data several times in order to modify early ideas.

A) iteration
B) triangulation
C) comparison
D) categorization
E) selective coding

Question 15

Qualitative research is often superior to quantitative research when the purpose of a research project is to:

A) analyze numerical data to arrive at a conclusion.
B) determine the magnitude of a response.
C) calculate the mode of a set of numerical data.
D) better understand a psychoanalytical phenomenon.
E) calculate the distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses.

Question 16

In a(n) _____ relationship, a variable can both cause and be caused by the same variable.

A) triangular
B) emic
C) negative
D) iterative
E) recursive

Question 17

Selective coding is best defined as the process of:

A) moving the focus from the development of theory to identification of themes and categories.
B) converting open-ended questions into closed-ended questions.
C) converting textual data into numerical data.
D) building a storyline around one core category or theme.
E) writing down the observations made by a researcher after each interview or site visit.

Question 18

Credibility is best defined as the:

A) degree to which a specific investigated issue leads the respondent to give a socially expected response.
B) level of preparation required to create an appropriate environment for the respondents participating in a research.
C) degree of rigor, believability, and trustworthiness established by qualitative research.
D) degree to which research data is qualitative or quantitative in nature.
E) degree to which the results of a research are socially acceptable.

Question 19

Grace, an ethnographer, observes the traditional way of serving dinner in a Chinese household and makes a note of it in her journal. She then asks the head of the family to read her description to verify that it is accurate. In doing this, Grace is involved in:

A) member checking.
B) test marketing.
C) data categorization.
D) memo check back.
E) integration.

Question 20

In order to establish the emic validity of his or her research findings, a researcher must primarily show that:

A) similar results have been reported by others working independently on the problem.
B) similar results can be obtained if the study were to be repeated.
C) key members of the group included in the study agreed with the findings of the study.
D) the findings of the study can be generalized.
E) the research methodology of the study complies with the necessary research standards.

Question 21

Member checking best establishes cross-researcher reliability.

Question 22

While doing data reduction, a researcher assigns a code to a particular paragraph in a transcript.

Question 23

The general stance of qualitative researchers should be skepti­cism toward the ideas and theory they have created based on the data they have collected.

Question 24

When they are well chosen, verbatims are a particularly powerful way to underscore important points because they:

A) encourage the use of tabulation in qualitative research.
B) express consumer viewpoints in their own voice.
C) eliminate the need for member checking in qualitative analysis.
D) place portions of transcripts into similar groups based on their content.
E) convert qualitative data into quantitative data.

Question 25

Qualitative data analysis is largely inductive.

Question 26

Selective coding typically occurs in the early stages of data analysis.

Question 27

The first step in data reduction is comparison.

Question 28

When writing a research report, which of the following sections typically includes the literature review?

A) Introduction
B) Analysis of the data/findings
C) Conclusions and recommendations
D) Description of research methods
E) Research objectives

Question 29

In qualitative research, the member checking process eliminates the need for comparison of constructs.

Question 30

Iteration is the process through which researchers build theory that is grounded, or based on the data collected.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about verbatims is True?

A) One can use verbatims in the textual report but not in live presentations.
B) Researchers should select verbatims that are more memorable rather than revealing of patterns in their data.
C) Verbatims are quotes from fellow researchers who are not directly involved in the study.
D) Verbatims can be used to underscore important points.
E) Verbatims are quotes from the researcher who conducts a particular study.

Question 32

Which of the following is generally included in the last section of the research report?

A) Literature review
B) Data displays
C) Summary of the findings
D) Recommendations
E) Research questions

Question 33

The categorization and coding of data is part of the theory development process in qualitative data analysis.

Question 34

In qualitative data analysis, visual displays are commonly used to summarize data.

Question 35

When the objective of a study is to quantify the magnitude of variables and relationships, one should prefer qualitative over quantitative research.

Question 36

In qualitative research, cross-researcher validity means that the analysis presented in the report resonates with people inside the studied culture.

Question 37

_____ are quotes from research participants that are used in research reports.

A) Verbatims
B) Codes
C) Memos
D) Iterations
E) Triangulations

Question 38

Credibility is increased when key informants and other practicing qualitative researchers are asked to review the analyses.

Question 39

In data reduction, the iterative process may uncover issues that the already collected data do not address.

Question 40

Triangulation requires that research inquiry be addressed from multiple perspectives.

Question 41

Why is it important to explain the research objectives and procedures both to current and future decision makers?

Question 42

Discuss the process of triangulation.

Question 43

When writing a research report, one should start out with specifics and then proceed to the more general topics.

Question 44

Researchers need to take care that they select, ana­lyze, and present verbatims that are memorable rather than revealing of patterns in their data.

Question 45

Is qualitative analysis inductive? Explain.

Question 46

The introductory portion of research reports should present the research problem, objectives of the research, and the methodology used.

Question 47

The last part of a written report is a section on conclusions and recommendations.

Question 48

How are reliability and validity viewed in the context of qualitative research?

Question 49

Discuss how the process of tabulation might keep researchers honest.

Question 50

Member checking and peer review are reported in the methodological section of research reports.