Deck 11: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality

Question 1

_____ refers to the social and psychological aspects of being male or female.

A)Sexual orientation
B)Gender
C)Gender bias
D)Secondary sex characteristic

Answer 1

Gender

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true of the attributes used to describe a person's gender identity?

A)Instrumentality and expressiveness are not systematically related to each other,so every combination of these characteristics is possible.
B)Individuals who are low on both instrumental and expressive qualities are referred to as androgynous individuals.
C)Individuals who are not strongly gender-typed tend to have worse psychological adjustment and resilience than those rated as extremely masculine or feminine.
D)Instrumentality is used to describe attributes that are more feminine,such as being caring and sensitive.

Answer 2

Instrumentality and expressiveness are not systematically related to each other,so every combination of these characteristics is possible.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

A)growth of facial hair in males
B)development of gonads in females
C)production of testosterone in females
D)release of androgens in males

Answer 3

growth of facial hair in males

Question 4

At the time of birth,a baby has abnormal genitalia.The baby's genitals are unclear and the parents are unable to accurately determine the gender of the baby.This condition is an example of

A)hermaphroditism.
B)gender instrumentality.
C)transvestitism.
D)gender dysphoria.

Question 5

In the context of gender-related attributes,individuals who are low on both instrumental and expressive qualities are referred to as

A)undifferentiated.
B)androgynous.
C)instrumental.
D)expressive.

Question 6

In the context of sex and its biological components,which of the following statements is true of hormones in human organisms?

A)In men,some of the androgens produced by the testes are converted into estrogens.
B)In men,androgens are solely produced by the adrenal glands.
C)The hormones estrogen and progesterone are higher in men than in women.
D)Hormones are unique to one sex.

Question 7

Identify a true statement about the internal reproductive structures and external genitalia in males and females.

A)External genitalia of females include the mons pubis,the labia,and the clitoris.
B)External genitalia of males are collectively called the vulva.
C)Penis and scrotum form the internal reproductive structures in males.
D)Breasts are an integral part of the internal reproductive structure in females.

Question 8

Vincent is highly submissive and timid by nature.He also struggles to communicate and express his emotions with people around him.In the context of gender-related characteristics,he is best described as having a(n)_____ personality.

A)gender-affirming
B)instrumental
C)androgynous
D)undifferentiated

Question 9

_____ is an individual's sense of belonging to the male or female sex.

A)Gender identity
B)Gender bias
C)Sexuality
D)Sexual orientation

Question 10

Gina is a 30-year-old woman.Her gonads were damaged during the course of a serious infection.As a result,Gina's gonads may no longer produce

A)androgens.
B)ova.
C)sperm.
D)melatonin.

Question 11

Eduardo is a 30-year-old man of Latin American descent.He likes to take control of situations and is dominant by nature.Eduardo's friends and family believe that he is very brave and is never one to back down from a challenge.In the context of gender identity,Eduardo's personality is most likely high on

A)expressiveness.
B)instrumentality.
C)homosexuality.
D)asexuality.

Question 12

In the context of sex and its biological components,which of the following statements is true of chromosomes?

A)Human beings have 26 pairs of chromosomes,with one of each pair being provided by each parent.
B)All the pairs of human chromosomes differ across the sexes,except for the 23rd pair.
C)The 23rd pair of the sex chromosomes is responsible for determining a human's genetic sex.
D)The sex chromosomes are similar in males but are different in females.

Question 13

In the context of sex and its biological components,which of the following statements is true of gonads?

A)Male gonads are the ovaries.
B)Gonads are glands that produce sex hormones.
C)Female gonads are the testes.
D)Gonads are responsible for absorbing and expelling nutrients.

Question 14

Debbie,a 22-year-old kindergarten teacher,has a gentle and caring disposition.She is sensitive to the needs of her students and patiently nurtures their learning abilities.In the context of gender identity,Debbie is best described as being high on _____ attributes.

A)instrumental
B)expressive
C)androgynous
D)undifferentiated

Question 15

Ariel is a mild-mannered and sensitive teenager.She is warm and caring and often volunteers at old age homes.Which of the following best describes Ariel's gender-related attributes?

A)Ariel is high on instrumentality.
B)Ariel is high on expressiveness.
C)Ariel is highly androgynous.
D)Ariel is highly undifferentiateD.

Question 16

Who among the following is an example of an individual with an androgynous personality?

A)Shenaz,who is submissive and emotionally weak
B)Ira,who is high on instrumentality but low on expressiveness
C)Zubair,who is extremely independent and caring
D)John,who is high on expressiveness but low on instrumentality

Question 17

Erica is seen as a strong and assertive woman by all those who know her.Her friends believe that she will never get married because she lives by herself and has a strong desire for independence.However,her friends do not know that Erica loves children and has a very nurturing attitude toward her nieces and nephews.Which of the following terms best describes Erica's gender-related attributes?

A)instrumental
B)expressive
C)androgynous
D)undifferentiated

Question 18

In the context of sexual development of a fetus,the SRY gene is responsible for the development of

A)male sexual features.
B)female sexual features.
C)undifferentiated characteristics.
D)confused sexuality.

Question 19

When Eric was born,he had atypical genitals that were not exclusively male or female.The doctors spoke to Eric's parents and advised them to schedule Eric for sex assignment surgery as early as possible.The condition that Eric was born with can be referred to as

A)transvestitism.
B)gender dysphoria.
C)hermaphroditism.
D)a paraphilic disorder.

Question 20

_____ refers to the properties of a person that determine his or her classification as male or female.

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Sexual orientation
D)Identity

Question 21

_____ means that the male and female members of a species differ from each other because of differences in competition and choice.

A)Sexual selection
B)Sexual stratification
C)Sexual orientation
D)Sexual differentiation

Question 22

Identify a true statement about individuals who are cisgenders.

A)They are transgender individuals who have a pedophilic disorder.
B)They are transgender individuals who have congenital conditions.
C)They are those who experience a match between their experienced and natal gender.
D)They are those who experience a psychological gender that is different from their biological sex.

Question 23

Harry,a four-month-old male infant,tends to show more interest in toy cars than in dolls.Since Harry has not yet had social experiences that might influence gender development,Harry's behavior conforms best to the

A)biological approach to gender development.
B)psychodynamic approach to gender development.
C)cognitive approach to gender development.
D)social role theory of gender development.

Question 24

Joanna was born a girl.However,she never identifies herself as female.She refers to herself as Joe and dresses like a boy.Joanna is angry or irritable if anyone treats her like a girl.She is unable to accept the fact that she is biologically a female.In the context of sex and gender,Joanna is most likely a(n)

A)hermaphrodite.
B)androgynous individual.
C)male.
D)transgender individual.

Question 25

Although born with complete female genitalia and characteristics,Kristie always feels uncomfortable as a girl.She does not understand why she has the biological characteristics of a female,when she feels completely like a male.She is conflicted and distressed.In the context of sex and gender,Kristie will most likely be diagnosed with

A)disorders of sexual desire.
B)disorders of sexual development (DSD).
C)gender dysphoria.
D)sadomasochism.

Question 26

Maynard was born a boy.He strongly identifies himself with his biological sex and feels agitated whenever people mock him for having feminine qualities.Which of the following is true of Maynard?

A)He most likely identifies himself as a transgender.
B)He is most likely suffering from gender pedophilia.
C)He is most likely suffering from gender dysphoria.
D)He most likely identifies himself as a cisgender.

Question 27

According to the evolutionary psychology approach to gender development

A)organisms with the fittest genes are most likely to survive and reproduce.
B)the differences between contemporary men and women can be explained by the environmental challenges they face.
C)competition ruins the chance for species to evolve naturally.
D)choice has no role to play in the evolution of the human species.

Question 28

Ramesh was born a boy,but he strongly identifies himself as a woman.Even though he has the genitals of a male,he receives hormones to support his transgender identity and also subsequently undergoes a surgery to reconstruct his genitals.In this case,Ramesh underwent a

A)gender-affirming surgery.
B)gender-assignment surgery.
C)gene surgery.
D)cisgender surgery.

Question 29

Transgender individuals usually experience gender dysphoria because

A)of their highly positive cisgender identity.
B)they feel they are living in the wrong body.
C)they experience a strong sense of discrimination based on their skin color.
D)they struggle to align their religious orientation with their sexual orientation.

Question 30

Adrian,an infant,was born with ambiguous genitals.After consulting a few doctors,his parents decided to schedule Adrian for sex assignment surgery.They decided to raise Adrian as a girl once his genitals were reconstructed.In the context of sex and gender,which of the following is most likely to be true in this scenario?

A)Adrian suffers from a condition called gender dysphoriA.
B)Adrian's parents have also undergone sex assignment surgery.
C)Adrian's parents believe that gender identity is entirely determined by biological factors.
D)Adrian was born with a congenital condition known as disorders of sexual development (DSD).

Question 31

Identify a true statement about intersex conditions.

A)They are congenital conditions that are present from birth.
B)They usually exclude disorders of sexual development.
C)They include psychological disorders that affect an individual's sexual identity.
D)They occur primarily during middle adulthood and old age.

Question 32

Identify the type of disorder that is associated with an infant whose genitals are atypical.

A)disorder of sexual development
B)paraphilic disorder
C)pedophilic disorder
D)disorder of transvestitism

Question 33

Identify a true statement about transgender identity.

A)It involves aligning one's psychological identity with the appearance of one's genitals.
B)It is more common in natal males than natal females.
C)It is a match between experienced and natal gender.
D)It is strong among cisgenders.

Question 34

Dr.Hendricks,a psychologist,believes that the differences between the genders can be attributed to the varying levels of estrogen and testosterone in males and females.In the context of the theoretical approaches to gender development,Dr.Hendricks is most likely a proponent of the _____ approach.

A)biological
B)evolutionary psychology
C)social cognitive
D)psychodynamic

Question 35

The term _____ refers to experiencing one's psychological gender as being different from one's biological sex.

A)gender bias
B)heterosexuality
C)hermaphroditism
D)transgender

Question 36

Identify a true statement about gender-affirming surgeries.

A)Surgeries for female-to-male transgender individuals are more expensive than for male-to-female transgender individuals.
B)Surgeries for male-to-female transgender individuals are more complicated than for female-to-male transgender individuals.
C)Gender-affirming surgeries were formerly known as genetic reassignment surgeries.
D)Many transgender individuals desire for gender-affirming surgeries over hormone treatments.

Question 37

Male zebra finches have brightly colored feathers and begin to sing at puberty.The females are duller in appearance and lack singing ability.The males use musical mating calls to compete with each other for female attention.Since the females are primarily responsible for reproduction,they have to choose the most suitable males to mate with.This type of selection best illustrates the

A)biological approach to gender development.
B)social cognitive approach to gender development.
C)social role theory of gender development.
D)evolutionary psychology approach to gender development.

Question 38

A _____ involves surgical reconstruction of genitals to match one's transgender identity.

A)gender-affirming surgery
B)gender-assignment surgery
C)gene surgery
D)voyeuristic surgery

Question 39

Vincent believes that gender roles are determined by how an organism changes and adapts itself to the environment.He proposes that an organism's role in sexual selection and its reaction to selection pressures determines the gender differences among organisms.In this case,Vincent is proposing the _____ approach to gender.

A)evolutionary psychology
B)cognitive psychology
C)social psychology
D)humanistic psychology

Question 40

Dr.Ruth believes that females and males differ from each other because of the differences in their brain structures and functioning.Dr.Ruth is most likely a proponent of the

A)social role theory of gender development.
B)biological approach to gender development.
C)evolutionary psychology theory of gender development.
D)social cognitive approach to gender development.

Question 41

Caroline tells her friends that she helps to take care of her little brother because that is what girls are supposed to do.Caroline's statement best describes her understanding of her

A)sexual script.
B)gender role.
C)gender identity.
D)sexual orientation.

Question 42

Olivia is a fashion designer.Olivia believes that her gender behavior is determined by the rewards she has seen women in her profession obtain for their consistent performance.She believes that by mimicking their behaviors she will also be rewarded.Olivia's beliefs are best explained by the

A)biological approach to gender development.
B)social cognitive theory of gender development.
C)psychodynamic approach to gender development.
D)evolutionary theory of gender development.

Question 43

Divya wants to be a professional footballer,but she believes that men are usually stronger and physically adept at playing football.She believes that only men can excel at football and women should generally not pursue such sports.Divya's beliefs are best explained by the

A)sexual selection approach.
B)genetic approach.
C)social role theory.
D)attribution theory.

Question 44

A mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate behavior for males and females in their culture is called a

A)gender stereotype.
B)motif.
C)gender schema.
D)theme.

Question 45

Karen decides to become a teacher because she believes that teaching is the perfect career for a woman.The job requires no strenuous physical activity and requires a great deal of patience and understanding-attributes that are typically feminine according to Karen.The views that Karen has about the jobs that are suited to women can best be explained by the

A)evolutionary psychology approach.
B)biological approach.
C)social role theory.
D)attribution theory.

Question 46

Jeremy claims that any man can become a great leader because all men are strong,dominant,and rational. Jeremy's statement is most representative of

A)his sexual orientation.
B)a gender stereotype.
C)his sexuality.
D)a paraphilia.

Question 47

Nairi is a six-year-old girl.Which of the following best exemplifies her gender-conforming behavior?

A)Nairi plays with a train set.
B)Nairi plays with her barbie dolls.
C)Nairi plays football in her backyard.
D)Nairi plays with toy cars and trucks.

Question 48

n the context of evolutionary psychology,_____ occurs among members of the same sex as they vie for the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex.

A)competition
B)bonding
C)compromise
D)cohesiveness

Question 49

Identify a true statement about social role theory.

A)It recognizes the institutional structures and patterns of opportunity that perpetuate gender differences.
B)It excludes analyzing physical differences between sexes.
C)It disregards the fact that women are more innately involved in reproduction than men.
D)It primarily focuses on the various biological and cognitive processes that underlie the differences between men and women.

Question 50

Who among the following is most likely to be a strong advocate of the social role theory?

A)Samantha,who believes that genetic information is solely responsible for determining the gender roles and expectations of people in a society
B)Harish,who believes that history dictates the type of tasks and activities men and women are usually allowed to perform
C)Gloria,who believes that sexual selection is the best approach to explain gender and sex differences
D)Robert,who believes that brain structures and their functions determine the roles and responsibilities of men and women

Question 51

What do traditional gender roles and stereotypes convey?

A)Men should be caring.
B)Men should be dominant.
C)Women should be rational.
D)Women should be strong.

Question 52

_____ reflect expectations for how males and females should think,act,and feel.

A)Gender roles
B)Sexual predispositions
C)Gender identities
D)Sexual scripts

Question 53

According to the social role theory,which of the following most likely shapes one's beliefs about one's gender?

A)division of labor between sexes
B)sexual selection
C)genetic characteristics of an individual
D)learning processes and cognitive schemas

Question 54

Jimmy,a six-year-old,is watching his parents fight.He observes his father shouting while his mother sits quietly,crying.Which theory of gender development is most likely to predict that Jimmy will imitate his father in his interactions with women?

A)the psychodynamic approach
B)the evolutionary psychology approach
C)the social cognitive approach
D)the biological approach

Question 55

Curt,a five-year-old boy,is intrigued by his mother's cosmetic collection.One day,he tries on his mother's lipstick.When Curt's parents find him with the make-up box,they scold him for behaving like a girl.Curt realizes that it's shameful to play with make-up.Curt's understanding of how children of his gender are supposed to behave can be best explained by the _____ approach.

A)evolutionary psychology
B)social cognitive
C)psychodynamic
D)biological

Question 56

An overly general belief about what women and men are like is known as a

A)sexual script.
B)sexual orientation.
C)gender schema.
D)gender stereotype.

Question 57

Aaron,a five-year-old,watches his father shave in the mornings.He realizes that only men grow beards and have to shave.Aaron sometimes examines his own face in the mirror and pretends to shave.Aaron's learning of this gender-related behavior can best be explained by the _____ approach to gender development.

A)evolutionary psychology
B)social cognitive
C)psychodynamic
D)biological

Question 58

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies gender-nonconforming behavior?

A)Harry,a three-year-old boy,plays with a set of building blocks.
B)John,a six-year-old boy,braids the hair on his sister's doll.
C)Ashley pretends to bake a cake made of play-dough for her little brother.
D)Ava pretends to sew dresses for all of her dolls.

Question 59

In the context of the theoretical approaches to gender development,which of the following is an evolutionary psychologist most likely to agree with?

A)Men tend to be more selective in choosing sexual partners than women,putting a premium on high quality.
B)Women are generally fertile from puberty onward and focus on quantity,reproducing as often as possible.
C)Women have the universal right to choose whom they mate with,in all species.
D)Men,across cultures,are likely to prefer women who are younger than they are.

Question 60

Hubert likes to watch his mother paint her toenails.One day,Hubert paints his own toenails and goes to school.His friends,however,make fun of him.Humiliated,Hubert realizes that he must not adopt behaviors related to the opposite sex.As he grows older,he starts to scoff at other males who demonstrate any kind of feminine behavior.In this scenario,Hubert's development of gender-related attitudes can best be explained by the _____ approach.

A)biological
B)psychodynamic
C)social cognitive
D)evolutionary psychology

Question 61

Who among the following is engaging in relational aggression?

A)Julia,who is physically assaulting her friend in a playground
B)Nayan,who is verbally abusing his subordinate in a meeting
C)Karim,who is spreading false rumors about his manager to his colleagues
D)Karen,who is committing violent crimes on young children

Question 62

Who among the following is engaging in overt aggression

A)Mayur,who is verbally assaulting a storekeeper
B)Isabel,who is gossiping about a colleague at workplace
C)Gabby,who is spreading false rumors about her friend
D)Jake,who is secretly sharing unwanted information about his managers with his team members

Question 63

The ways in which people experience and express themselves as sexual beings is referred to as

A)sexism.
B)gender bias.
C)sexuality.
D)gender dysphoria.

Question 64

Identify a true statement about overt aggression.

A)Boys and males are lower on overt aggression than girls and women,throughout life.
B)Overt aggression is more subtle than relational aggression.
C)Acts of overt aggression are primarily carried out indirectly to harm another person.
D)Overt aggression excludes physically harming another person.

Question 65

Andrew faces a great deal of difficulty in communicating and interacting with his peers.He prefers to sit by himself and has a very narrow range of interests.His teachers often observe him engaging in tasks involving repetitive actions.In the context of gender differences in empathy and theory of mind,Andrew may be suffering from a(n)

A)paraphilic disorder.
B)gender identity disorder.
C)disorder of sexual development (DSD).
D)autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Question 66

Which of the following accurately differentiates between overt aggression and relational aggression?

A)Relational aggression cannot be painful while overt aggression almost always is.
B)Overt aggression harms an individual through activities like gossiping and spreading rumors while relational aggression harms an individual through the use of physical violence.
C)Relational aggression requires that the aggressor have a considerable level of social and cognitive skill while overt aggression does not.
D)In overt aggression,the aggressive acts are committed in secrecy while in relational aggression the aggressive acts are committed without reserve.

Question 67

Mia believes that her sister's reluctance to engage in overt aggression is due to the gender roles and stereotypes adopted by her sister Which of the following forms the basis of Mia's beliefs about her sister's style of aggression?

A)social role theory
B)genetic theory
C)sexual selection psychology
D)evolutionary psychology

Question 68

When conducting a research on the evolutionary approach to gender development,the research should primarily focus on how

A)men and women differ in terms of engaging in casual sex.
B)peer groups react to children who behave in gender-atypical ways.
C)gender differences in one culture translate themselves into another culture.
D)schemas in women affect their growth in egalitarian societies.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of empathy and help?

A)Empathy is a person's feeling of cognitive and physiological similarities with another person.
B)Men are more likely than women to help in situations in which a perceived danger is present.
C)Empathy is the weakest predictor of an individual's willingness to help another person in need.
D)Women are more likely than men to help when doing so involves greater risk to their personal safety.

Question 70

Which of the following is true of aggression?

A)Men are more likely than women to engage in physical aggression.
B)Relational aggression requires the aggressor to be physically strong.
C)Girls are more relationally aggressive than boys.
D)Overt aggression excludes physically harming another person.

Question 71

Paul,a ten-year-old,loses his temper and pushes his classmate off a swing.Paul's behavior best illustrates

A)assertion.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)relational aggression.
D)overt aggression.

Question 72

_____ is behavior that is intended to harm another person.

A)Aggression
B)Masochism
C)Assertion
D)Reactance

Question 73

Sergio,a research psychologist,bases his research on the question,"If young girls begin to mimic and display qualities that are primarily associated with men,will they be accepted by their peers and family members or will they be rejected by them?" Sergio is most likely conducting research in support of the

A)social role theory of gender development.
B)physiological approach to gender development.
C)evolutionary theory of gender development.
D)genetic approach to gender development.

Question 74

Eric is waiting at a traffic signal for the light to turn green.The man in the car behind him is honking repeatedly,even though the light is still red.Eric gets angry and steps out of his vehicle to yell at the driver of that car.On further provocation from the driver,Eric punches him in a fit of rage.Eric's behavior exemplifies

A)overt aggression.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)relational aggression.
D)discrimination.

Question 75

Celia is upset with her colleague at a workplace.She feels that her colleague might get a promotion which Celia deserves.Celia begins to spread false rumors about her colleague among team members and other managers with the purpose of tarnishing her image.In this case,Celia is exhibiting

A)gender-nonconforming behavior.
B)chauvinism.
C)gender dysphoria.
D)relational aggression.

Question 76

In the context of the psychology of gender differences,relational aggression

A)is higher in men than in women.
B)tends to harm the social standing of an individual.
C)requires that the aggressor has well-developed physical skills.
D)often leads to physical injury.

Question 77

_____ is best defined as a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

A)Sexuality
B)Altruism
C)Empathy
D)Reactance

Question 78

Kelly and Marcy have been best friends since playschool.Kelly is considered to be beautiful and popular while Marcy is known as a "geek." When Kelly begins to date a boy Marcy likes,Marcy is filled with hurt and starts to spread a rumor that Kelly is secretly homosexual.In this scenario,Marcy's behavior best illustrates

A)ethnocentrism.
B)overt aggression.
C)gender stereotyping.
D)relational aggression.

Question 79

The gender similarities hypothesis in the context of gender differences in cognitive ability suggests that

A)males are superior to females.
B)females are superior to males.
C)men and women are much more alike than they are different.
D)more studies are required to explain the irregularities that are evident.

Question 80

The research data on the gender differences in cognitive ability has revealed that

A)girls,in comparison to boys,perform better on most tasks that require mathematical computations
B)girls,in comparison to boys,have superior verbal abilities.
C)boys,in comparison to girls,struggle on tasks requiring the mental rotation of objects in space.
D)boys and girls both struggle with visual spatial orientation.