Deck 23: Nineteenth-Century Realism

Question 1

Over the course of the nineteenth century, which of the following entities declined in importance as patron of the arts?

A) the Catholic Church
B) art dealers
C) museums
D) private collectors

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What feature do the paintings The Gleaners and Stone Breakers share?

A) an emphasis on the pleasures of manual labor
B) a celebration of industrial improvements
C) the suggestion that hard work will bring prosperity
D) the limited individualization of their human figures

Answer 2

the limited individualization of their human figures

Question 3

Who invented "negative" film, which made multiple prints of a single photograph possible?

A) Niépce
B) Daguerre
C) Talbot
D) Tournachon

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Known as Nadar, which artist became known for his aerial and portrait photography?

A) Daguerre
B) Talbot
C) Brady
D) Tournachon

Question 5

A lithograph is made by using a grease pencil to draw a picture on what type of surface?

A) brass
B) oak
C) limestone
D) plaster

Question 6

Who painted Third-Class Carriage (c. 1862)?

A) Courbet
B) Millet
C) Daumier
D) Bonheur

Question 7

Who painted the frieze-like (1849)?

A) Courbet
B) Eakins
C) Daumier
D) Bonheur

Question 8

Daumier's print Louis Philippe as Gargantua depicts the French king as

A) a defender of French rights against foreign intrusion.
B) a staunch advocate of the rights of the working class.
C) a tiny figure in oversized clothes on an oversized throne, unable to fulfill the demands of his office.
D) an insatiable giant who gorges himself while the poor starve.

Question 9

Which of the following phrases best describes the scenes portrayed in French Realist works?

A) idiosyncratic characteristics
B) extraordinary events
C) repetitive sameness
D) disturbing violence

Question 10

At the center of Daumier's print The Freedom of the Press: Don't Meddle with It stands a heroic

A) middle-class professional.
B) member of the working class.
C) ink-stained journalist.
D) painter.

Question 11

Which artist made a living throughout most of his career by drawing satirical cartoons for La Caricature and La Charivari?

A) Courbet
B) Millet
C) Daumier
D) Bonheur

Question 12

Who painted The Gleaners (1857)?

A) Courbet
B) Millet
C) Bonheur
D) Daumier

Question 13

The continuing influence of Romanticism on early works of Realism such as The Gleaners and The Horse Fair can be seen most clearly in the paintings' depictions of

A) nature.
B) political allegory.
C) human tragedy.
D) great rulers.

Question 14

What was Nadar's Le Géant?

A) a large camera he used to photograph panoramic scenes
B) a balloon from which he took aerial photographs
C) a chair he designed to assist portrait subjects in remaining immobile during the necessary exposure time
D) a special film he developed to reduce glare on final images

Question 15

Who painted Stone Breakers (1849)?

A) Courbet
B) Millet
C) Bonheur
D) Daumier

Question 16

The painting Stone Breakers reflects the influence of which sociopolitical ideology on its creator?

A) capitalism
B) anarchism
C) socialism
D) royalism

Question 17

Who painted The Horse Fair (1853)?

A) Courbet
B) Millet
C) Bonheur
D) Daumier

Question 18

Daguerreotypes exhibited all the following characteristics EXCEPT that

A) the required exposure time was several hours.
B) each one was unique and could not be reproduced.
C) the final image reversed the real subject.
D) the final image contained a glare from reflected light.

Question 19

An important characteristic of Realist paintings was their

A) attempt to capture a sense of "oneness with nature."
B) portrayal of idealized peasants living carefree lives.
C) indifference to contemporary social and political developments.
D) emphasis on class distinctions.

Question 20

The phrase "camera obscura" literally means

A) "drawn with light."
B) "dark room."
C) "hidden hand."
D) "unseen light."

Question 21

Tanner was the first African American painter to exhibit his works at the Paris Salon.

Question 22

When first exhibited, the painting Burial at Ornans bored critics, who considered its subject matter unworthy of monumentalizing.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the Crystal Palace is most accurate?

A) It was constructed from a series of "prefabricated" components and included a large amount of glass.
B) Its iron frame made it essentially fireproof and almost indestructible.
C) It was a permanent structure that had to be demolished once the World's Fair for which it was built ended.
D) It was unusually expensive and slow to build.

Question 24

Who designed the Wainwright Building, one of the earliest examples of a skyscraper?

A) Sullivan
B) Eiffel
C) Roebling
D) Paxton

Question 25

Courbet believed that talented artists could accurately depict historical events and exotic locales they had never seen, as long as they had sufficient imagination.

Question 26

The significance and influence of artistic guilds increased dramatically over the course of the nineteenth century.

Question 27

Which of the following statements about skyscrapers is FALSE?

A) They only become practical with the invention of elevators.
B) They relied upon the incorporation of improved buttresses and vaults.
C) They relied on the adoption of materials stronger than brick or stone.
D) They relied upon materials that could respond flexibly to wind pressure.

Question 28

The Eiffel Tower was originally intended to be a temporary structure.

Question 29

At the International Exhibition of Paris in 1855, photography was shown in the Palais des Beaux-Arts (Palace of Fine Arts), solidifying its position as one of the arts.

Question 30

Compared with the works of Nadar and Cameron, Brady's photographs of Lincoln and Lee are more

A) dream-like.
B) introspective.
C) straightforward.
D) delicate.

Question 31

Which artist offended polite French society with his casual depiction of female nudity in the painting Déjeuner sur l'Herbe?

A) Bonheur
B) Manet
C) Niépce
D) Courbet

Question 32

Who painted The Gross Clinic, an exemplary piece of American Realism?

A) Brady
B) Cameron
C) Tanner
D) Eakins

Question 33

Matthew Brady is responsible for every known photographic portrait of Abraham Lincoln.

Question 34

Tanner was known for realistic depictions of what two subjects?

A) African American life and biblical stories
B) biblical stories and historical events
C) African American life and Classical mythology
D) Classical mythology and historical events

Question 35

An important nineteenth-century development in the art world was the emergence of the art critic.

Question 36

Nineteenth-century architects were generally quick to adopt iron and steel as building materials.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the Brooklyn Bridge is FALSE?

A) It contained the first instance of steel wire being spun into cables to support a bridge.
B) It incorporated two massive granite towers, linked by cables.
C) The shape of its arches reveals the influence of Gothic architecture.
D) It was the first modern suspension bridge, exploiting newly discovered principles.

Question 38

Which of the following statements best describes Julia Margaret Cameron's approach to photography?

A) She regarded it as a means to capture a surface image as faithfully to reality as possible.
B) She viewed it as more of a craft than an art form.
C) She viewed it as a means of aesthetic expression accomplished through manipulative techniques.
D) She regarded it as a means to create sharp outlines and enhanced details that brought the "real world" into greater focus.

Question 39

The photographer Nadar helped organize the Paris balloon service during France's war against Prussia in 1870.

Question 40

All the following statements about Manet's Olympia are true EXCEPT that

A) Manet's nude was not designated as a Classical deity.
B) Manet's nude exhibits boldness instead of modesty.
C) Manet's nude was painted in soft light with gradual, sensual shading.
D) Manet's nude was believed to represent a prostitute and was associated with venereal disease.

Question 41

How did Manet's work differ from earlier Realist paintings? Why were his works controversial?

Question 42

What traits of Romanticism did Realist painters retain? How did they put those traits to new use?

Question 43

How did American Realism differ from Realism in France?

Question 44

What major developments in architecture emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Question 45

What impact did the development of photography have on visual arts?

Question 46

What aspects of "real life" did Realist painters emphasize?

Question 47

What political views did Daumier express in his prints? How well did his views correspond with those of other Realists?