Deck 7: Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling

Question 1

What is the main difference between simple random sampling and systematic sampling?

Answer 1

-Simple random sampling involves identifying a full set of elements (e.g.,a list of all adults in Canada)and then using a random procedure such as a table of random numbers for selecting the sample where any number has an equal probability of appearing in any position.
-Like simple random sampling,systematic sampling also designates a number for each element in the sampling frame (e.g.,each adult in Canada),but instead of using a list of random numbers,the researcher calculates a sampling interval,which then becomes the random selection method.

Question 2

Adam Andrews of the Quit Today Institute wants to know how many students at the local university smoke cigarettes.Adam obtains a list of phone numbers for every student enrolled at the college from the Dean.He selects students from the 24 000 on the list by taking every fiftieth student,giving him a sample of 480 students. What sampling method is Adam Smith using?

A) Simple random
B) Systematic
C) Disproportionate
D) Cluster
E) Stratified

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What steps are involved when drawing a cluster sample? Illustrate your answer with an example and also a summary of how you obtained the sample of 240 respondents.

Answer 3

-A researcher wants to draw a random sample of 240 people from a mid-sized city.The city has 55 districts,and each district has 20 blocks.
-Step 1: Randomly select six districts.
-Step 2: Divide the selected districts into blocks-if each district contains 20 blocks,then randomly select 4 blocks from each one.
-Step 3: Divide the blocks into households and randomly select 10 households in each block.
-Step 4: Randomly select a person from each household to interview.
-Summary: 1 person per household x 10 households per block x 4 blocks per district x 6 districts = 240 respondents.

Question 4

Why is it important to have an accurate sampling frame?

Question 5

What is the basic difference between random and nonrandom sampling procedures?

Question 6

What three basic steps need to be taken when drawing a systematic sample?

Question 7

Sam Smith,the CEO of a local TV station,recently conducted a study of TV watchers in his area.He obtained a list of all residential customers from the cable TV company's billing list.He selected customers from the 20 000 households on the billing list by taking every fortieth household.A trained interviewer then visited each household and asked detailed questions about the viewing habits of various family members. What is the sampling frame in Sam Smith's study?

A) Cable television viewers
B) All voters in the community
C) The list of customers from the cable television company
D) All households in the community
E) Adults who own televisions

Question 8

The Young Children's Charity of Eastern Canada would like an accurate estimate of how much it costs to raise a child between the ages of 2 and 12 each year for its fundraising campaign.The organization hired you to find out how much households spent on raising a child in 2011.The charity gave you a list of four million residential telephone customers in the area.You sampled every four-thousandth address on the list.You survey each sampled household by telephone. In this study,each address of a telephone customer is your

A) sampling frame.
B) observation unit.
C) sampling element.
D) sampling unit.
E) sampling interval.

Question 9

What is the population in random-digit dialing (RDD)? Does it avoid sampling frame problems?

Question 10

According to the central limit theorem used in inferential statistics,

A) the bigger your sample, the better your results.
B) when drawing many random samples, the samples form a normal curve with the highest point of the distribution equal to the population parameter.
C) the best estimate of population parameters comes when one uses the inverse square of the z-probability distribution.
D) 90 percent of all samples drawn in a simple random manner will contain some error.
E) in order to infer from a sample to a population, the sampling error must equal zero.

Question 11

Sam Smith,the CEO of a local TV station,recently conducted a study of TV watchers in his area.He obtained a list of all residential customers from the cable TV company's billing list.He selected customers from the 20 000 households on the billing list by taking every fortieth household.A trained interviewer then visited each household and asked detailed questions about the viewing habits of various family members. How large is Sam Smith's sample?

A) 500
B) 1000
C) 1500
D) 2000
E) 20 000

Question 12

Lucy Lively,a coffee aficionado,wanted to draw a sample of people in Ontario who own an authentic,imported Italian espresso coffee maker.There is no list of such people,and there is no reason to believe that they know each other.What type of sampling should Lucy use?

A) Selective case sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Simple random sampling
D) Purposive sampling
E) Quota case sampling

Question 13

Sam Smith,the CEO of a local TV station,recently conducted a study of TV watchers in his area.He obtained a list of all residential customers from the cable TV company's billing list.He selected customers from the 20 000 households on the billing list by taking every fortieth household.A trained interviewer then visited each household and asked detailed questions about the viewing habits of various family members. What is Sam Smith's sampling ratio?

A) 0.002 or 0.2%
B) 0.005 or 0.5%
C) 0.025 or 2.5%
D) 0.050 or 5%
E) 0.0002 or 0.02%

Question 14

In what situations is it appropriate to use a purposive sampling technique?

Question 15

Using an example,how can you get a sampling interval from a sampling ratio? What type of sampling is the sampling interval used with?

Question 16

When is it appropriate to use a snowball sampling technique?

Question 17

The Toronto Fire Department has hired you to generate an accurate estimate of how many homes have operational fire prevention systems.The Chief Fire Inspector gave you a list of two million residential telephone customers in the city.You sampled every two-thousandth address on the list.You survey each sampled household by telephone. How large is your sample?

A) 500
B) 1000
C) 1500
D) 2000
E) 2500

Question 18

How do researchers decide on the size of a sample to use in quantitative research?

Question 19

An example of a sampling technique where everyone in the target population is counted is

A) a quota sample.
B) a census.
C) a haphazard sample.
D) a nonrandom sample.
E) a sequential sample.

Question 20

Sampling error is based on which of the following?

A) Sample size
B) Amount of diversity in sample
C) Sampling ratio
D) A & C
E) A & B

Question 21

Professor Mary Mancini studied class level and drinking behaviour at Rocky Mountain University in Red Deer,Alberta.At Rocky Mountain,every student is required to live in one of six 20-story dormitories,and every student has a single room.All dormitory room phone numbers begin with the prefix 747 or 757 (e.g.,phone numbers are 747-0001 to 757-9999).She used the student telephone directory and,after a random start,selected every fifteenth student.She then mailed a questionnaire to the 1000 students selected and had two follow-up postcard reminders.A total of 900 students returned questionnaires.Later,Professor Mancini asked the university registrar's office whether any students were omitted from the directory. What is Professor Mancini's target population?

A) All students living in Red Deer, Alberta
B) All students enrolled in Rocky Mountain University
C) Students who drink alcohol
D) All residents of Red Deer, Alberta
E) Students who have roommates

Question 22

Which of the following terms best describes people who engage in illegal or concealed activities such that very often a researcher must use purposive sampling in order to find them?

A) Hidden population
B) Target population
C) Moving target
D) Cluster
E) Sociogram

Question 23

Postdoctoral fellow Walter Waters used nonrandom sampling in his study of successful scientists.He knew most got excellent grades in high school and university,excelled in mathematics,and had a strong interest in science from a very young age.For his study,he was interested in sampling those who were successful as adult scientists but did poorly in high school,did average or worse in math classes,and showed little interest and aptitude in science until they reached university.What type of sampling was he using?

A) Snowball
B) Theoretical
C) Sequential
D) Deviant case
E) Quota

Question 24

confidence intervals

Question 25

cluster sampling

Question 26

central limit theorem

Question 27

_____ combines characteristics of the sample,such as the sample's size,with the central limit theorem for the purpose of accurately predicting specific ranges around a population parameter.

A) A confidence interval
B) Deviant case sampling
C) A sampling distribution
D) The sampling ratio
E) Probability proportionate to size (PPS)

Question 28

Marcus McDonald is a qualitative researcher who studies people with agoraphobia.Rather than generating a purposive sample,Marcus decides to interview persons with agoraphobia until his interviews no longer yield new information.What point will Marcus have to reach before he can stop conducting interviews?

A) Confidence point
B) Theoretical saturation
C) Tipping point
D) Redundancy
E) Qualitative completion

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT something a researcher's decision about the best sample size depends on?

A) The degree of variability or diversity in the population
B) The magnitude of the population
C) The number of different variables studied simultaneously in data analysis
D) The degree of accuracy required
E) None of the above

Question 30

deviant case sampling

Question 31

Professor Bobby Birdfeather wants to study how people join a small extremist political organization dedicated to right-wing causes.He first interviews recent recruits and asks who introduced him/her to the organization.He next interviews the named person and asks who introduced him/her to the organization,and so on.What kind of sampling is this?

A) Snowball
B) Systematic
C) Deviant case
D) Accidental
E) Cluster

Question 32

Janet Jones wants to know how many of her classmates completed professional degrees after graduating in 2008.Janet obtains contact information for the graduating class of 2008 from the registrar.The list has 4000 names.After a random start,Janet contacts every eightieth graduate.What is her sampling ratio?

A) 0.5 percent
B) 1.25 percent
C) 2.0 percent
D) 4.0 percent
E) 50 percent

Question 33

Professor Mary Mancini studied class level and drinking behaviour at Rocky Mountain University in Red Deer,Alberta.At Rocky Mountain,every student is required to live in one of six 20-story dormitories,and every student has a single room.All dormitory room phone numbers begin with the prefix 747 or 757 (e.g.,phone numbers are 747-0001 to 757-9999).She used the student telephone directory and,after a random start,selected every fifteenth student.She then mailed a questionnaire to the 1000 students selected and had two follow-up postcard reminders.A total of 900 students returned questionnaires.Later,Professor Mancini asked the university registrar's office whether any students were omitted from the directory. About how many students are listed in the Rocky Mountain University student telephone directory?

A) 2000
B) 10 000
C) 15 000
D) 20 000
E) 35 000

Question 34

What is the type of sampling that seeks a representative sample using theories from mathematics called?

A) Nonrandom sampling
B) Quota sampling
C) Probability sampling
D) Deviant case sampling
E) Theoretical sampling

Question 35

Professor Mary Mancini studied class level and drinking behaviour at Rocky Mountain University in Red Deer,Alberta.At Rocky Mountain,every student is required to live in one of six 20-story dormitories,and every student has a single room.All dormitory room phone numbers begin with the prefix 747 or 757 (e.g.,phone numbers are 747-0001 to 757-9999).She used the student telephone directory and,after a random start,selected every fifteenth student.She then mailed a questionnaire to the 1000 students selected and had two follow-up postcard reminders.A total of 900 students returned questionnaires.Later,Professor Mancini asked the university registrar's office whether any students were omitted from the directory. What is Mary Mancini's sampling frame?

A) The drinking behaviour of students
B) Students both in the directory and not in the directory
C) The student telephone directory
D) Rocky Mountain University
E) The class levels

Question 36

Professor Johnny Jones draws a systematic sample of 350 churches from all churches and religious institutions in the three Pacific coast states of the continental U.S.and British Columbia.His sampling frame has 35 000 institutions. What is the sampling interval?

A) 0.001
B) 0.01
C) 0.10
D) 10
E) 100

Question 37

Professor Johnny Jones draws a systematic sample of 350 churches from all churches and religious institutions in the three Pacific coast states of the continental U.S.and British Columbia.His sampling frame has 35 000 institutions. What is the sampling ratio?

A) 0.001
B) 0.01
C) 0.10
D) 10
E) 100

Question 38

Professor Mary Mancini studied class level and drinking behaviour at Rocky Mountain University in Red Deer,Alberta.At Rocky Mountain,every student is required to live in one of six 20-story dormitories,and every student has a single room.All dormitory room phone numbers begin with the prefix 747 or 757 (e.g.,phone numbers are 747-0001 to 757-9999).She used the student telephone directory and,after a random start,selected every fifteenth student.She then mailed a questionnaire to the 1000 students selected and had two follow-up postcard reminders.A total of 900 students returned questionnaires.Later,Professor Mancini asked the university registrar's office whether any students were omitted from the directory. What type of sampling did Professor Mancini use?

A) Stratified
B) Quota
C) Cluster
D) Systematic
E) Simple random

Question 39

Market researcher Tanya Tanika wants to test whether men like a new flavour of yogurt,which tastes like cigar smoke and beer,more than women do.She distributes samples at a grocery store,including 50 samples in blue cups to adult males and 50 samples in pink cups to adult females shopping alone.Afterward,she checks shelves and garbage cans to locate the used blue and pink cups and measures whether more waste (i.e.,uneaten yogurt)was left in blue or pink cups.What type of sampling was used in the study?

A) Random
B) Quota
C) Stratified
D) Snowball
E) Cluster

Question 40

haphazard sampling

Question 41

random-digit dialing (RDD)

Question 42

simple random sampling

Question 43

sequential sampling

Question 44

quota sampling

Question 45

nonrandom sample

Question 46

hidden populations

Question 47

probability proportionate to size (PPS)

Question 48

purposive sampling

Question 49

random sample

Question 50

random number table

Question 51

parameter

Question 52

sampling interval

Question 53

sampling frame

Question 54

population

Question 55

inferential statistics

Question 56

sampling error

Question 57

sampling distribution

Question 58

sample

Question 59

sampling element

Question 60

sampling ratio

Question 61

sampling distribution of sample means

Question 62

systematic sampling

Question 63

probability sample

Question 64

statistic

Question 65

stratified sampling

Question 66

target population

Question 67

snowball sampling

Question 68

sociogram

Question 69

census

Question 70

theoretical sampling

Question 71

theoretical saturation

Question 72

margin of error