Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Psychologists use the term encoding to refer to the processes that determine and control:

A)how memories are maintained over time
B)the acquisition of memories
C)how memories are translated into performance
D)how incoming information is arranged into meaningful patterns

Answer 1

the acquisition of memories

Question 2

Penelope listens attentively in her college classes and translates the information into new memories.The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Penelope is able to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time is:

A)storage
B)retrieval
C)encoding
D)partitioning

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

Parker is able to retain the information that he learned in his college classes from one semester to the next.The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Parker can hold information in his memory for extended periods of time is:

A)storage
B)encoding
C)retrieval
D)association

Answer 3

storage

Question 4

The memory system in which we hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting for a minute or two is called:

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)procedural memory

Question 5

Psychologists use the term "storage" to refer to the processes that determine and control:

A)the acquisition of memories
B)how memories are translated into performance
C)how memories are maintained over time
D)how incoming information is arranged into meaningful patterns

Question 6

Iconic memory is another term for a person's:

A)somatosensory memory
B)auditory sensory memory
C)short-term memory
D)visual sensory memory

Question 7

In describing memory, psychologists refer to the processes that determine and control how memories are maintained over time as:

A)storage
B)encoding
C)retrieval
D)chunking

Question 8

Amelia is watching her baby sister shake a rattle.As long as the rattle is being shaken, all Amelia sees is a blur of color.She can only make out the shape of the rattle when the rattle stops moving.The "blurred" image that Amelia sees as long as the rattle is moving results from the way in which:

A)flashbulb memories are formed
B)iconic memory works
C)episodic memory is encoded
D)rehearsal occurs in short-term memory

Question 9

Jillian is not sure that she is ready for her final exam, but once she starts the exam, she finds that she is able to accurately recall the material that she learned in class that relates to each of the questions.The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Jillian can access and utilize the information in her memory is:

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)acquisition

Question 10

In describing memory, psychologists refer to the momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli as:

A)echoic memory
B)implicit memory
C)iconic memory
D)a flashbulb memory

Question 11

Walt is an artist who draws cartoon panels for motion pictures.Each panel shows a slight change in the position of the characters.When the individual panels are transferred to film and shown at the proper speed, the characters appear to move smoothly across the screen.The perception of movement results from the way in which:

A)iconic memory works
B)flashbulb memories are formed
C)episodic memory is encoded
D)rehearsal occurs in short-term memory

Question 12

In describing memory, psychologists refer to the processes that determine and control the acquisition of memories as:

A)storage
B)retrieval
C)encoding
D)chunking

Question 13

Amad is outside one summer evening watching fireflies.As he watches, he finds that it almost appears as if the insects are spelling out letters as they fly.Based on what is known about the different memory systems, you should conclude that the firefly "trails" Amad sees are one example of:

A)iconic memory
B)flashbulb memories
C)short-term memory
D)episodic memory

Question 14

Sensory memory:

A)maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form
B)holds analyzed information for brief periods of time
C)is also called working memory
D)is the system used to maintain information for extended periods of time

Question 15

Like learning, memory:

A)is an inferred capacity
B)cannot be directly observed
C)occurs through the law of effect
D)involves the formation of US-CS links

Question 16

According to psychologists, the basic processes involved in memory are:

A)rehearsal, organization, and interference
B)encoding, storage, and retrieval
C)retrograde and anterograde
D)primacy and recency

Question 17

Psychologists use the term retrieval to refer to the processes that determine and control:

A)the acquisition of memories
B)how memories are maintained over time
C)how incoming information is arranged into meaningful patterns
D)how memories are translated into performance

Question 18

The memory system that maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form is called:

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)procedural memory

Question 19

In describing memory, psychologists refer to the processes that determine how memories are translated into performance as:

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)chunking

Question 20

In describing memory, psychologists refer to the momentary sensory memory of a visual stimulus as:

A)implicit memory
B)iconic memory
C)echoic memory
D)a flashbulb memory

Question 21

When Zach gets behind taking notes in his classes, he often finds that he can "replay" the last few words that his instructor said, in his head.Based on what is known about the different memory systems, you should conclude that when Zach does this, he is relying on his:

A)echoic memory
B)iconic memory
C)flashbulb memory
D)semantic memory

Question 22

Sperling's research in which participants viewed three rows of three letters each for only 1/20th of a second investigated:

A)semantic memory
B)sensory memory
C)short-term memory
D)flashbulb memory

Question 23

Which of the following is FALSE of short-term memory?

A)It is where we store components of a problem while solving them.
B)It has an unlimited storage capacity.
C)It helps us produce and interpret spoken language.
D)It holds analyzed information for brief periods of time.

Question 24

The brain is able to localize sounds by calculating the differences in arrival times for sounds between the two ears.One of the things that makes this possible is the fact that the auditory input for each ear is "held" momentarily in the memory system known as:

A)echoic memory
B)iconic memory
C)temporal memory
D)differential memory

Question 25

In Sperling's investigations of iconic memory, subjects in the whole report condition:

A)heard a tone that signaled which row they should report, just after the display was presented
B)were asked to report as many letters as possible from the display they had seen
C)were asked to report only a specific portion of the display they had seen
D)typically performed much better than subjects in the partial report condition

Question 26

Short term-memory is sometimes referred to as:

A)procedural memory
B)working memory
C)retroactive memory
D)episodic memory

Question 27

Sounds and words can often be recalled a second or two after they have been heard due to the existence of:

A)flashbulb memories
B)echoic memory
C)procedural memory
D)iconic memory

Question 28

Gwen continues to hear the tone a second or so after it has ended.This "phantom" tone probably represents:

A)an implicit memory
B)an echoic memory
C)proactive interference
D)a memory schema

Question 29

Spoken words such as "antidisestablishmentarianism" could not be processed effectively if people did not have:

A)episodic memory
B)procedural memory
C)temporal memory
D)echoic memory

Question 30

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only 1/20th of a second, experimental participants:

A)appeared to have a momentary photographic memory of all the letters in the display
B)recalled about seven letters, due to the limits of short-term memory
C)recalled the letters in the first and last rows, but not the letters in the middle row
D)recalled very few letters, because they didn't have enough time to see them all

Question 31

When Sperling investigated sensory memory, he found that iconic memory lasts:

A)less than a second
B)between 5 and 9 seconds
C)approximately 1 minute
D)indefinitely if the image is rehearsed

Question 32

Trista just glanced at the license plate of the car that sped away from the bank, but she found that when she closed her eyes she had a momentary image of the first three digits of the license number.She was able to write them down, even though the car had disappeared into traffic.Based on what is known about the different memory systems, you should conclude that Trista's experience best illustrates:

A)memory reconstruction
B)procedural memory
C)iconic memory
D)cued recall

Question 33

Short-term memory is where we:

A)maintain sensory information in an unanalyzed form
B)store permanent memories
C)first receive sensory input
D)think about information and solve problems

Question 34

Fernando is reading the directions for baking a cake, and storing them as he thinks about what he needs to do to prepare mixing and baking it.This activity is occurring in:

A)procedural memory
B)long-term memory
C)retroactive memory
D)short-term memory

Question 35

The memory system that psychologists sometimes describe as an "inner voice" is:

A)echoic memory
B)short-term memory
C)procedural memory
D)episodic memory

Question 36

Working memory is another name that is sometimes given to the memory system known as:

A)sensory memory
B)procedural memory
C)short-term memory
D)retroactive memory

Question 37

In Sperling's investigations of iconic memory, subjects in the partial report condition:

A)were asked to report only a specific portion of the display they had seen
B)heard a tone that signaled which row they should report, just before the display was presented
C)were asked to report as many letters as possible from the display they had seen
D)typically performed much worse than subjects in the whole report condition

Question 38

We think about, and reason with, information using:

A)procedural memory
B)long-term memory
C)retroactive memory
D)short-term memory

Question 39

Echoic memory is another term used for a person's:

A)visual sensory memory
B)somatosensory memory
C)auditory sensory memory
D)short-term memory

Question 40

Which of the following is TRUE of short-term memory?

A)It maintains sensory information in an unanalyzed form.
B)It has an unlimited storage capacity.
C)It helps us produce and interpret spoken language.
D)It holds information for extended periods of time.

Question 41

Nikki is actively processing slides of paintings in an art history class.Physiologically, this activity:

A)would be occurring only in her visual sensory system, corresponding to sensory memory
B)would be occurring only in those parts of the brain related to long-term memory
C)may rely on the same brain mechanisms as visual perception
D)may be occurring in her sensory and long-term systems, bypassing working memory

Question 42

According to psychologists, the number of items that can be recalled, in the exact order of presentation, on half the tested memory trials, represents our:

A)sensory memory capacity
B)short-term memory span
C)long-term memory capacity
D)procedural memory limit

Question 43

Research into the duration of short-term memory has indicated that when information in short-term memory is not rehearsed, it can be retained for:

A)less than 15 seconds
B)approximately 1/2 second
C)approximately 60 seconds
D)up to 5 minutes

Question 44

Frederica is taking an engineering test, and actively storing and working on a complex problem.This activity is occurring in:

A)procedural memory
B)long-term memory
C)retroactive memory
D)short-term memory

Question 45

Tammy witnessed a hit-and-run accident.She saw the license plate of the car that fled the scene.She tried to keep it in memory by repeating the sequence of digits and letters to herself until she could find a pen and paper to write it down.Tammy relied on which kind of memory?

A)sensory memory
B)long-term memory
C)flashbulb memory
D)short-term memory

Question 46

Talbot looked up the phone number for a local restaurant and silently repeated it to himself as he dialed to make reservations.In this example, it appears that Talbot relied on:

A)chunking to increase the amount of information held in short-term memory
B)elaboration to link the phone number to information in long-term memory
C)repression to temporarily block other information out of short-term memory
D)rehearsal to temporarily store the restaurant's phone number in short-term memory

Question 47

When information in short-term memory is rehearsed, it:

A)still only lasts approximately 1/2 second
B)can last indefinitely
C)can last for up to 15 seconds
D)can last for up to 5 minutes

Question 48

The process of rehearsal occurs in:

A)procedural memory
B)short-term memory
C)retroactive memory
D)sensory memory

Question 49

The internal repetition of the contents of short-term memory is referred to as:

A)rehearsal
B)chunking
C)elaboration
D)repression

Question 50

Hearing-impaired individuals who communicate with American Sign Language:

A)may encode information in a format compatible with sign language
B)still exclusively encode information in the same fashion as hearing individuals
C)have difficulty encoding information in comparison to hearing individuals
D)cannot encode information

Question 51

Most psychologists believe the capacity of short-term memory is limited, in part, because:

A)it takes time to execute the process of rehearsal
B)it takes time to transfer information from sensory memory
C)chunking interferes with the processing of information
D)elaboration interferes with the processing of information

Question 52

When people make mistakes in recalling a short list of random letters from memory, researchers have found that the mistakes typically involve:

A)look-alike errors, substituting letters that may look the same but sound different
B)sound-alike errors, substituting letters that may sound the same but look different
C)random errors, substituting letters that are not similar to those on the original list
D)sequencing errors, recalling the correct letters in the incorrect order

Question 53

Research has indicated that the capacity of short-term memory is typically:

A)between 3 and 7 items
B)between 5 and 9 items
C)between 7 and 11 items
D)unlimited if the material is kept active using rehearsal

Question 54

Which memory area can retain information for only around 15 seconds without rehearsal?

A)procedural memory
B)short-term memory
C)retroactive memory
D)sensory memory

Question 55

According to psychologists, rehearsal involves:

A)internal repetition of the contents of short-term memory
B)rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns
C)forming connections between new information and information already in memory
D)unknowingly pushing threatening memories out of conscious awareness

Question 56

Zelda was presented the list, "hat, dog, rock, pen, hair, lake, cloud, rug, and sheet" in a short-term memory experiment.Her most likely error would be:

A)saying "pear" instead of "hair"
B)saying "pond" instead of "lake"
C)forgetting "sheet" entirely
D)forgetting "hat" entirely

Question 57

Which memory area has a capacity of between five to nine items?

A)procedural memory
B)short-term memory
C)retroactive memory
D)sensory memory

Question 58

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect current possibilities regarding how information is lost from short-term memory?

A)some researchers believe information is lost from short-term memory through decay
B)some researchers believe information is lost from short-term memory through interference
C)loss of information from short-term memory may be due to both decay and interference
D)neither decay nor interference explain loss of information from short-term memory

Question 59

Storing information involving mental imagery:

A)still relies exclusively on brain mechanisms involved in auditory perception
B)processing by sensory memory sends information directly to long-term memory
C)may rely on the same brain mechanisms as visual perception
D)processing and storage occur exclusively in sensory memory

Question 60

Psychologists use the term short-term memory span to refer to the number of items that can be recalled:

A)in the exact order of presentation, on half the tested memory trials
B)in any order, on half the tested memory trials
C)in the exact order of presentation, on at least one of the tested memory trials
D)in the exact order of presentation, on 100% of the tested memory trials

Question 61

The process of chunking generally:

A)improves performance in a short-term memory task
B)interferes with performance in a short-term memory task
C)interferes with performance in an implicit memory task
D)improves with performance in an implicit memory task

Question 62

In a short-term memory task, chess masters organized a view of a chess board in terms of recognizable patterns rather than individual pieces.The technique being used is:

A)chunking
B)method of loci
C)transfer appropriate processing
D)distributed practice

Question 63

Which of the following techniques can be used to improve memory performance?

A)chunking
B)rehearsal
C)elaboration
D)all of these choices

Question 64

The working memory model is most closely associated with:

A)Baddeley
B)Craik
C)Bartlett
D)Sperling

Question 65

Problems in the ability to use short-term memory effectively have been found to be associated with clinical conditions such as:

A)cyclothymia
B)anxiety
C)schizophrenia
D)depression

Question 66

The ability to perform higher-order cognitive tasks such as reasoning, as well as scores on intelligence tests, has been related to the:

A)processing of memories in the auditory rather than the visual areas of the brain
B)ability to bypass short-term memory
C)duration of sensory memory
D)ability to keep multiple things available in short-term memory

Question 67

Elijah rearranges the letters SI TTO PBA T into "sit top bat." This is an example of the memory processing technique known as:

A)rehearsal
B)chunking
C)elaboration
D)cued encoding

Question 68

In the working memory model, the short-term retention and processing of visual and spatial information is controlled by the:

A)visuospatial sketchpad
B)memory icon
C)phonological loop
D)central executive

Question 69

As a general rule, our short-term memory span is roughly equal to the amount of material we can internally rehearse in:

A)2 seconds
B)1/2 a second
C)5 seconds
D)30 seconds

Question 70

In the working memory model, the central executive controls the:

A)short-term retention and processing of visual and spatial information
B)allocation of processing
C)temporary storage and processing of acoustic and verbal information
D)memory phoneme

Question 71

In the working memory model, which area corresponds to the "inner voice" and plays a crucial role in language?

A)visuospatial sketchpad
B)memory icon
C)phonological loop
D)central executive

Question 72

Rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns is referred to as:

A)rehearsal
B)elaboration
C)cued encoding
D)chunking

Question 73

In the working memory model, the visuospatial sketchpad controls the:

A)short-term retention and processing of visual and spatial information
B)allocation of processing
C)temporary storage and processing of acoustic and verbal information
D)memory phoneme

Question 74

Problems in the ability to use short-term memory effectively have been found to be associated with clinical conditions such as:

A)bipolar disorder
B)anxiety
C)attention deficit disorder
D)depression

Question 75

When you mentally picture the road between your house and school, you are relying on the component of working memory that Baddeley referred to as the:

A)visuospatial sketchpad
B)memory icon
C)phonological loop
D)central executive

Question 76

Baddeley is most closely associated with the:

A)working memory model
B)serial-position effect
C)paired-associates learning technique
D)sensory memory concept

Question 77

In the working memory model, the temporary storage of acoustic and verbal information is controlled by the:

A)visuospatial sketchpad
B)memory icon
C)phonological loop
D)central executive

Question 78

According to psychologists, chunking involves:

A)internal repetition of information to be recalled
B)forming connections between new information and information already in memory
C)creating a visual image of the information that is to be stored in memory
D)rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns

Question 79

In the working memory model, the phonological loop controls the:

A)short-term retention of visual and spatial information
B)allocation of processing
C)temporary storage of acoustic and verbal information
D)memory icon

Question 80

Opal rearranges the letters SE EDO GRU N into "see dog run." This is an example of the memory processing technique known as:

A)chunking
B)rehearsal
C)elaboration
D)cued encoding