Deck 6: Clinical: Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

By what mechanism is thirst stimulated in the hypothalamus?

A)Increase in serum osmolality
B)Decrease in serum osmolality
C)Increase in both serum osmolality and in extracellular volume
D)Decrease in serum osmolality and an increase in extracellular volume

Answer 1

A
A decrease in extracellular fluid volume results in a hemoconcentration of the blood, resulting in an increase in serum osmolality.The renin-angiotensin system is triggered by the decreased extracellular volume, and as a consequence, angiotensin II stimulates the thirst centers.

Question 2

For the average woman, _____ ml/day would meet fluid needs.

A)1500
B)1700
C)2700
D)3500

Answer 2

C
A daily allowance of water from all sources, including beverages and foods, is about 2700 ml/day for women and 3700 ml/day for men.The general recommendation for water intake is approximately 35 ml/kg of usual body weight in adults.

Question 3

In the extracellular space, what is the primary buffer system?

A)Phosphate
B)Bicarbonate and carbonic acid
C)Hydrogen
D)Protein

Answer 3

B
Bicarbonate and carbonic acid buffer the production of hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide that results from cellular metabolism, and this occurs primarily in the extracellular space.The phosphate buffering system and protein buffering are activities that more commonly occur in the intracellular space.

Question 4

Which effect is of greatest concern in water intoxication?

A)Increased volume of the brain cells
B)Hypertension
C)Decreased circulating blood volume
D)Increased urinary output

Question 5

Refeeding syndrome can result in

A)low serum phosphorus.
B)low serum magnesium.
C)death.
D)all of the above.

Question 6

Which acid-base imbalance can result from diuretics use, vomiting, and loss of chloride?

A)Respiratory alkalosis
B)Respiratory acidosis
C)Metabolic alkalosis
D)Metabolic acidosis

Question 7

What is the primary means by which hydrogen ions are generated in the body?

A)Normal tissue metabolism
B)Ingestion of highly acidic foods
C)Oxidation-reduction reactions
D)Reabsorption of bicarbonate

Question 8

Sodium is increased the most by the intake of

A)fresh vegetables.
B)frozen vegetables.
C)fresh meats.
D)luncheon meats.

Question 9

Which organ(s) maintain acid-base balance by the regulation of hydrogen ions?

A)Lungs
B)Liver
C)Kidneys
D)Adrenal glands

Question 10

The recommended fluid intake based on caloric intake is

A)2 ml/kcal for adults and 3 ml/kcal for infants.
B)0.5 ml/kcal for adults and infants.
C)2 ml/kcal for adults and 1 ml/kcal for infants.
D)1 ml/kcal for adults and 1.5 ml/kcal for infants.

Question 11

Where in the body is interstitial fluid located?

A)Within body cells and the lymphatic system
B)Within body cells
C)Between and around body cells
D)In the blood and the lymphatic system

Question 12

How would the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A)Increased kidney excretion of bicarbonate
B)Increased ventilation of carbon dioxide
C)Decreased kidney excretion of bicarbonate
D)Decreased ventilation of carbon dioxide

Question 13

How does body water, as a percentage of body weight, change based on stage of the life cycle and lifestyle?

A)Decreases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes
B)Decreases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes
C)Increases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes
D)Increases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes

Question 14

For a normal healthy adult, fluid balance is achieved when the amount of water taken in is

A)half the amount that is lost.
B)about equal to the amount lost.
C)twice the amount lost.
D)unrelated to the amount of water lost.

Question 15

What is the primary disturbance when respiratory alkalosis occurs?

A)Increased bicarbonate
B)Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
C)Decreased bicarbonate
D)Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 16

When vasopressin is excessively secreted in the blood, which of the following effects occurs?

A)Low serum potassium because water is retained
B)Low serum sodium because water is retained
C)High serum potassium because water is excreted
D)High serum sodium because water is excreted

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

A)Accumulation of bicarbonate
B)Decreased ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide
C)Accumulation of acids from abnormal metabolism
D)Excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the lungs

Question 18

Eating which of the following would most increase dietary potassium intake?

A)Fruits and vegetables
B)Saltwater fish
C)Grains
D)Cereals

Question 19

Which of the following results from ingesting a large amount of sodium in a short time?

A)Hypotension
B)Muscular cramps
C)Increased urinary calcium excretion
D)Increased urinary output of potassium

Question 20

The kidneys compensate for a loss of body water by excreting

A)additional fluids and electrolytes.
B)additional electrolytes.
C)more concentrated urine.
D)more dilute urine.