Deck 10: Nutritional Genomics

Question 1

What type of cell does NOT contain nuclei?

A) ​red blood cells
B) ​nerve cells
C) ​heart muscle cells
D) ​skeletal muscle cells
E) ​epithelium

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In humans, the inheritance of blue eyes is classified as:

A) ​X-linked dominant
B) ​X-linked recessive
C) ​autosomal recessive
D) ​autosomal dominant
E) ​Y-linked

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In what year did the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium publish the finished version of the human genome sequence?

A) ​1995
B) ​1999
C) ​2003
D) ​2007
E) ​2011

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A group of gene variants that occur together is called:

A) ​polygenic
B) ​translation
C) ​genotype
D) ​phenotype
E) ​haplotype

Question 5

Nucleotides have how many primary components?

A) ​one
B) ​two
C) ​three
D) ​four
E) ​five

Question 6

What chromosomes do human males have?

A) ​A and B
B) ​A and A
C) ​X and X
D) ​Y and Y
E) ​X and Y

Question 7

How many pairs of chromosomes comprise the human genome?

A) ​23
B) ​22
C) ​21
D) ​20
E) ​19

Question 8

What chromosome number is linked to various disease states with nutritional implications including several cancers, type 1 diabetes, and Crohn's disease?

A) ​7
B) ​10
C) ​12
D) ​15
E) ​20

Question 9

What is the nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine,in human DNA?

A) ​guanine
B) ​cytosine
C) ​arginine
D) ​thymine
E) ​lysine

Question 10

What percentage of human DNA is non-coding DNA?

A) ​95%
B) ​90%
C) ​85%
D) ​80%
E) ​75%

Question 11

A copy of a specific gene situated in a given locus on a chromosome is called a(n):

A) allele
B) ​codon
C) ​chromatin
D) ​intron
E) ​exon

Question 12

What year did Gregor Mendel discover the laws of genetics?

A) ​1820
B) ​1865
C) ​1888
D) ​1905
E) ​1927

Question 13

What is a series of three nucleotide bases that encodes a specific amino acid called?

A) ​a gene
B) ​a codon
C) ​a protein
D) ​an allele
E) ​an autosome

Question 14

When was the Huntington's disease gene mapped with DNA markers?

A) ​2003
B) ​1999
C) ​1990
D) ​1983
E) ​1971

Question 15

What enzyme is responsible for Transcription?

A) ​DNA polymerase
B) ​DNA activase
C) ​DNA transcriptase
D) ​RNA transcriptase
E) ​RNA polymerase

Question 16

What kind of hereditary disease is cystic fibrosis?

A) ​X-linked dominant
B) ​X-linked recessive
C) ​autosomal recessive
D) ​autosomal dominant
E) ​Y-linked

Question 17

The interaction between drugs and an individual's genome is referred to as:

A) ​nutrigenetics
B) ​nutrigenomics
C) ​pharmacogenomics
D) ​pharmacology
E) ​epigenomics

Question 18

When did James Watson and Francis Crick describe the double-helical structure of DNA?

A) ​1945
B) ​1953
C) ​1965
D) ​1972
E) ​1980

Question 19

How many nitrogenous bases are in human DNA?

A) ​1
B) ​2
C) ​3
D) ​4
E) ​5

Question 20

The production of RNA from DNA is accomplished by what process?

A) ​reduction
B) ​expression
C) ​subscription
D) ​transcription
E) ​translation

Question 21

Where do the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) reside in cells?

A) ​mitochondria
B) ​endoplasmic reticulum
C) ​plasma membrane
D) ​cytoplasm
E) ​nucleus

Question 22

What likely underlies the abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome and predisposition to diabetes and cardiovascular disease?

A) ​highly acidic blood
B) ​highly alkaline blood
C) ​a pro-inflammatory state
D) ​poor digestion
E) ​a lack of excitatory neurotransmitters

Question 23

What gender and genotype is most likely to be responsive to dietary and other lifestyle interventions to minimize cardiovascular disease risk?

A) ​male APOE ε3 carriers
B) ​female APOE ε3 carriers
C) ​male APOE ε4 carriers
D) ​female APOE ε4 carriers
E) ​male APOE ε5 carriers

Question 24

The APOE gene variant that puts an individual at risk for CVD is also associated with a high risk of what other disease?

A) ​Alzheimer's disease
B) ​Crohn's disease
C) ​cystic fibrosis
D) ​type 1 diabetes
E) ​phenylketonuria

Question 25

What gene associated with cardiovascular disease risk has been the most studied?

A) ​the gene coding for apolipoprotein G
B) ​the gene coding for apolipoprotein E
C) ​the gene coding for apolipoprotein C
D) ​the gene coding for apolipoprotein B
E) ​the gene coding for apolipoprotein A

Question 26

What initiative was formed to establish a coordinated evidence-based process for evaluating genetic tests and translating genomic applications that are in transition from research to both clinical and public health applications?

A) ​The Human Genome Project
B) ​The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention
C) ​The Accountability of Clinical and Public Health Applications
D) ​Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
E) ​The Dietitians in Integrative and Functional Medicine

Question 27

Mr. G's genetic profile shows that he has a variation in the gene code for apolipoprotein E, which puts him at higher risk for:

A) ​hyperlipidemia
B) ​cystic fibrosis
C) ​prostate cancer
D) ​diabetes
E) ​Alzheimer's disease

Question 28

A diet high in what foods can potentially lower Mrs. G's risk of this genetically linked disease?

A) ​red beets and apples
B) ​strawberries and kiwis
C) ​cauliflower and carrots
D) ​celery and onions
E) ​watermelon and pineapple

Question 29

In general, a diet high in saturated fat has been linked to:

A) ​improved insulin sensitivity
B) ​improved glucose metabolism
C) ​reduced insulin synthesis
D) ​reduced insulin secretion
E) ​insulin resistance

Question 30

What nutrient in fruits and vegetables is likely the most important in reducing the risk of cancer?

A) ​antioxidants
B) ​fatty acids
C) ​amino acids
D) ​sugars
E) ​minerals

Question 31

Low intake of what nutrient (particularly when combined with high alcohol intake) is associated with increased colon cancer risk?

A) ​thymine
B) ​riboflavin
C) ​niacin
D) ​folate
E) ​biotin

Question 32

What type of fatty acids reduce apolipoprotein C-III levels?

A) ​long-chain omega-3 PUFAs
B) ​short-chain omega-3 PUFAs
C) ​long-chain omega-3 MUFAs
D) ​short-chain omega-6 MUFAs
E) ​long-chain omega-6 MUFAs

Question 33

What nutrient should the registered dietician counsel Mrs. G on how to achieve optimal levels in her diet or via supplementation to reduce her risk of such a disease?

A) ​omega-3 fatty acids
B) ​arginine
C) ​vitamin A
D) ​biotin
E) ​folate

Question 34

What gene mutation is responsible for familial hypercholesterolemia?

A) ​cholesterol generating gene
B) ​fatty acid assimilating gene
C) ​HDL-receptor gene
D) ​VLDL-receptor gene
E) ​LDL-receptor gene

Question 35

Companies such as 23andMe, deCODEme, and Navigenics are conducting what type of business?

A) ​nutritional consulting
B) ​dietetic research
C) ​direct-to-consumer genetic testing
D) ​licensing nutritionists
E) ​assessing cardiovascular risk

Question 36

"Junk DNA" appears to play an important role in:

A) ​stimulating cognitive awareness
B) ​regulating gene expression
C) ​enhancing reproductive fitness
D) ​modulating lifespan
E) ​triggering psychic phenomena

Question 37

In mammalian DNA, approximately what percentage of cytosines are methylated?

A) ​1%
B) ​2-5%
C) ​6-8%
D) ​10%
E) ​12-15%

Question 38

The registered dietitian reads the genetic report and finds that Mrs. G has a polymorphism in the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene, which is linked to an increased risk of:

A) ​Alzheimer's disease
B) ​diabetes
C) ​hyperlipidemia
D) ​colon cancer
E) ​obesity

Question 39

In addition to advice on specific nutrients and foods, what should the registered dietician tell Mrs. G to avoid or limit in order to lower her risk of this specific polymorphism?

A) ​physical exercise
B) ​alcohol
C) ​polyunsaturated fat
D) ​fructose
E) ​sucrose

Question 40

How many genes are in the human genome?

A) ​111, 500
B) ​80,000 plus
C) ​55,644
D) ​20,000 plus
E) ​5,644

Question 41

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was identified as the blueprint of life in _______________.

Question 42

The recommendation of one diet intervention in response to one polymorphism is likely to be effective.

Question 43

The coding strand of DNA that serves as the template for mRNA synthesis is known as the _______________ strand.

Question 44

_______________ determine which patients will benefit or fail to benefit from specific diet prescriptions.

Question 45

The nitrogenous bases include adenine and _______________ (both purines), as well as thymine and _______________.

Question 46

When the alleles from each parent differ, an individual is homozygous for that gene.

Question 47

Like DNA methylation, histone modification is a form of epigenetic regulation.

Question 48

Attention to nutritional genomics and pharmacogenomics has been escalating and this trend is likely to continue in the coming years.

Question 49

Several cancers have a clearly established genetic inheritance based on mutations in a single gene.

Question 50

Colon cancer risk reduction in humans via intake of cruciferous vegetables is linked to glutathione S-transferase genotype.

Question 51

_______________ is a technology used to measure expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.

Question 52

As opposed to monogenic diseases, complex diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease are _______________.

Question 53

The complement of RNA transcripts produced when genes are "expressed" is referred to as the _______________.

Question 54

One of the hottest areas of debate regarding the interplay between ethics and genetics has to do with direct-to-consumer marketing of _______________.

Question 55

Each gene is a linear sequence of nucleotides that are actually responsible for encoding fatty acids.

Question 56

The Human Genome Project was launched in the United States in 1990.

Question 57

Much remains unknown about the interaction between genes.

Question 58

_______________ DNA technology was developed in 1972 by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer.

Question 59

Epigenetics relates not to the genome sequence itself, but to the inherited pattern of gene expression regulated by modifications to DNA.

Question 60

DNA contains non-coding regulatory sequences called _______________ to which molecules can bind in order to signal unwinding of a specific region of DNA for creation of a needed protein.

Question 61

Briefly discuss the connection between folate intake and cancer risk.

Question 62

Briefly outline the psychosocial and ethical issues in genomics research.

Question 63

Epidemiological research has linked cooked meats to increased risk of _______________ cancer.

Question 64

Since oxidative DNA damage is thought to play a role in carcinogenesis, adequacy of _______________ is suggested to be anti-carcinogenic.

Question 65

Discuss what happens after transcription is complete.

Question 66

List the classifications of inherited genes.

Question 67

Give examples of an autosomal recessive trait and an autosomal dominant disorder.

Question 68

Discuss the regulation of gene expression.

Question 69

The interaction of folate status and MTHFR genotype with _______________ appears to be of critical importance.

Question 70

Discuss the link between genetics and obesity.

Question 71

Environmental factors play a large role in regulating gene _______________.

Question 72

Dietary modification, such as avoidance of phenylalanine, is effective for _______________ diseases, such as PKU.

Question 73

Outline the differences between nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics.

Question 74

The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention initiative was developed by the Office of Public Health Genomics of the _______________.

Question 75

Dietary fats interact with various _______________ to influence outcomes.

Question 76

In addition to the genome sequence, the role of _______________, the microbiome, and modulation of gene expression by dietary factors must also be considered in the overall scope of genome-nutrient interactions.

Question 77

Discuss the sex chromosomes.

Question 78

Cancer can result from genome-wide _______________ due to inappropriate gene activation and chromosomal instability.

Question 79

There are predicted to be a few hundred _______________ genes in humans.

Question 80

Describe familial hypercholesterolemia.