Deck 32: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Question 1

Normal physiologic changes in the aging pulmonary system include:

A)decreased flow resistance.
B)fewer alveoli.
C)stiffening of the chest wall.
D)improved elastic recoil.

Answer 1

stiffening of the chest wall.

Question 2

The adequacy of a person's alveolar ventilation is assessed best by monitoring:

A)ventilatory rate.
B)ventilatory pattern.
C)respiratory effort.
D)arterial blood gas.

Answer 2

arterial blood gas.

Question 3

Aspiration is most likely to occur in the:

A)right mainstem bronchus because it extends vertically from the trachea.
B)left mainstem bronchus because it is more narrow.
C)trachea because it comes into contact with the food and drink first.
D)carina because of its location at the site where the bronchi bifurcates.

Answer 3

right mainstem bronchus because it extends vertically from the trachea.

Question 4

The movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs is called:

A)perfusion.
B)ventilation.
C)respiration.
D)diffusion.

Question 5

The bronchial circulation is part of the systemic circulation and does not participate in gas exchange.

Question 6

Which of the following structures is not associated with any lymphatic vessels?

A)Trachea
B)Bronchi
C)Acinus
D)Terminal bronchioles

Question 7

Where in the lung does gas exchange occur?

A)Trachea
B)Segmental bronchi
C)Alveolocapillary membrane
D)Main bronchus

Question 8

The trachea bifurcates into two bronchi at the carina.

Question 9

The oropharynx is considered part of a conduction airway.

Question 10

Veins of the pulmonary circulation are similar to the veins of the systemic circulation, but contain no one-way valves.

Question 11

_____ secrete surfactant, a lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveoli.

A)Type I alveolar cells
B)Type II alveolar cells
C)Alveolar macrophages
D)All of the above

Question 12

The lungs contain only superficial lymphatic capillaries.

Question 13

Air passage between alveoli is collateral and evenly distributed because of the:

A)type I alveolar cells.
B)pores of Kohn.
C)acinus pores.
D)alveolar pores.

Question 14

Ventilation exceeds perfusion in the bases of the lungs, whereas perfusion exceeds ventilation in the apices of the lungs.

Question 15

Which part of the brainstem provides basic automatic rhythm of respiration by sending efferent impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

A)Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B)Ventral respiratory group
C)Pneumotaxic center
D)Apneustic center

Question 16

The PaO₂ must drop below 80 mmHg before the peripheral chemoreceptors have much influence on ventilation.

Question 17

The pulmonary defense mechanism that propels a mucous blanket entrapping particles moving towards the oropharynx are the:

A)nasal turbinates.
B)alveolar macrophages.
C)cilia.
D)irritant receptors on the nares.

Question 18

The nurse who is auscultating the lungs of a child who has aspirated a piece of hot dog, would expect decreased or absent breath sound over the:

A)left lung.
B)right lung.
C)trachea.
D)carina.

Question 19

Surfactant produced by type II pneumocytes facilitates alveolar distention and ventilation by:

A)decreasing thoracic compliance.
B)attracting water to the alveolar surface.
C)decreasing surface tension in alveoli.
D)increasing surface tension in alveoli.

Question 20

Pressure in the pleural space is:

A)atmospheric.
B)below atmospheric.
C)above atmospheric.
D)variable.

Question 21

Match the location of each receptor.
Located in smooth muscles of airways

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 22

Match the receptor with its action and then with its location. Receptors may be used more than once.
Hering-Breuer expiratory reflex

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 23

Changes in the alveoli that cause an increase in alveolar surface tension, alveolar collapse, and decreased lung expansion are a result of:

A)decreased alveolar macrophage production.
B)increased compliance.
C)decreased surfactant production.
D)increased stimulation by peripheral chemoreceptors.

Question 24

Stretch receptors as well as peripheral chemoreceptors send afferent impulses regarding ventilation to the:

A)pneumotaxic center in the pons.
B)apneustic center in the pons.
C)dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata.
D)ventral respiratory group in the medulla oblongata.

Question 25

Hypoventilation that results in the retention carbon dioxide will stimulate which of the following receptors in an attempt to maintain a normal homeostatic state?

A)Irritant receptors
B)Central chemoreceptors
C)Peripheral chemoreceptors
D)Stretch receptors

Question 26

Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are:

A)difficult to deflate.
B)easily inflated.
C)stiff.
D)unable to diffuse oxygen.

Question 27

Which endogenous substances cause bronchoconstriction?

A)Epinephrine and acetylcholine
B)Histamine and prostaglandin
C)Bradykinin and thromboxane A
D)Leukotrienes and prostacyclin

Question 28

Match the receptor with its action and then with its location. Receptors may be used more than once.
Initiates cough reflex

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 29

Match the receptor with its action and then with its location. Receptors may be used more than once.
Monitors pH, PaCO₂, and PaO₂ in blood

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 30

Match the receptor with its action and then with its location. Receptors may be used more than once.
Initiates rapid, shallow breathing

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 31

The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via the _____ nerve.

A)vagus
B)phrenic
C)brachial
D)pectoral

Question 32

Match the receptor with its action and then with its location. Receptors may be used more than once.
Senses pH of cerebrospinal fluid

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 33

The relationship between arterial perfusion and alveolar gas pressure at the base of the lungs is best described as:

A)alveolar gas pressure exceeds arterial perfusion pressure.
B)arterial perfusion pressure and alveolar gas pressure are less than at the apex.
C)arterial perfusion pressure exceeds alveolar gas pressure.
D)alveolar gas pressure and arterial perfusion pressure are equal.

Question 34

How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported?

A)Dissolved in plasma
B)Bound to hemoglobin
C)In the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂)
D)Bound to protein

Question 35

Match the location of each receptor.
Located near the respiratory center

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 36

If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to:

A)shift to the right, causing more O₂ to be released to the cells.
B)shift to the left, allowing less O₂ to be released to the cells.
C)show no change, allowing the O₂ concentration to remain stable.
D)show dramatic fluctuation, allowing the O₂ concentration to increase.

Question 37

Match the location of each receptor.
Located near capillaries in the alveolar septa

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 38

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported:

A)attached to oxygen.
B)in the form of bicarbonate.
C)combined with albumin.
D)dissolved in the plasma.

Question 39

Which of the following is the most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction?

A)Low alveolar PO₂
B)Hyperventilation
C)Respiratory alkalosis
D)Epinephrine

Question 40

The sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are referred to as:

A)diaphragmatic muscles.
B)muscles of expiration.
C)intercostal muscles.
D)muscles of inspiration.

Question 41

Match the location of each receptor.
Located in the epithelium of conducting airways

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 42

Match the location of each receptor.
Located in the aortic bodies, aortic arch, and carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the carotids

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors