Deck 12: International Law and Norms

Question 1

Customary international law is different from normal international law in that it:

A)is more optional compared to other kinds of international law.
B)is more about etiquette and proper diplomatic behavior.
C)is often developed over time as acceptable practices evolve.
D)deals with issues of culture,as opposed to economic or political issues.
E)tends to be accepted only by developed nations.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How were the Rwandan genocide and civil war concluded?

A)A major power militarily intervened into the conflict and ended it in favor of one side.
B)The United Nations intervened and forced a settlement between the warring parties.
C)The two sides eventually came to a mutually accepted agreement.
D)One of the sides eventually won the conflict.
E)The conflict never officially ended and continues today.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the primary difference between the Geneva Conventions and The Responsibility to Protect (R2P)norm?

A)The Geneva Conventions are mandatory,while the Responsibility to Protect norm is optional.
B)The Geneva Conventions target states,while the Responsibility to Protect norm targets individuals.
C)The Geneva Conventions do not challenge state sovereignty,while the Responsibility to Protect norm limits state sovereignty.
D)The United Nations primarily promoted the Geneva Conventions,while the Responsibility to Protect norm came from the European Union.
E)The United States backs the Geneva Conventions but actively tries to undermine the Responsibility to Protect norm.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A new international treaty that only says that states are required to reduce international pollution but does not specify how or by how much is best described as:

A)self-enforcing.
B)precise.
C)imprecise.
D)low delegation.
E)high obligation.

Question 5

Precision in international law is concerned with the specificity of:

A)legal obligations.
B)which states are party to the treaty.
C)the norms through which the law operates.
D)secondary rules.
E)nonparty requirements.

Question 6

How is international law different from other forms of international institutions?

A)It is a set of explicit rules that regulate behavior.
B)It is more likely to be followed than an international organization.
C)It is more likely to have the backing of an international hegemon.
D)It cannot be ignored by states like other international institutions.
E)It is often self-enforcing.

Question 7

International norms:

A)have the status of law.
B)do not require enforcement.
C)tend to be singular rules.
D)are ignored by international institutions.
E)often replace international laws.

Question 8

The International Criminal Court fundamentally violates:

A)human rights.
B)state sovereignty.
C)international law.
D)international norms about jurisprudence.
E)norms against war.

Question 9

What are secondary rules?

A)Less important international laws.
B)The powers and processes by which primary rules are made and changed.
C)Rules dealing with communication and transportation.
D)Rules that are not concerned with war but with areas such as economics.
E)The specific rules of positive and negative allowances under international law.

Question 10

Diplomatic immunity started as:

A)normal international law.
B)customary international law.
C)an international norm.
D)an international organization.
E)domestic law.

Question 11

The international standard of "Responsibility to Protect" is best described as an international:

A)law.
B)norm.
C)organization.
D)court.
E)treaty.

Question 12

Crimes against humanity went from being ________ to being ________ with the adoption of the Rome Statute.

A)normal international law;an international norm
B)customary international law;normal international law
C)customary international law;an international norm
D)an international norm;customary international law
E)a norms cascade;an international norm

Question 13

The Geneva Conventions address:

A)appropriate treatment of civilians and captured soldiers during times of war.
B)the timeliness with which states must respond to allegations of crimes against humanity.
C)the banning of chemical,biological,nuclear,and other particularly hazardous weapons.
D)the use of landmines in civilian areas.
E)the emissions of carbon and potentially hazardous chemicals that states are allowed.

Question 14

If a state had to change its domestic laws to avoid being charged with crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court,the state might suggest that those particular international laws are:

A)high obligation.
B)self-enforcing.
C)consistent with domestic interests.
D)low obligation.
E)precise.

Question 15

Which of the following would be an example of customary international law being developed?

A)Two states agreeing to lower domestic tariffs or face internationally imposed penalties.
B)A state changing its human rights practices,due to international pressure.
C)A state being recognized by the United Nations.
D)States giving prisoners of war access to the Internet even if not legally required to do so.
E)The creation of a new international judicial body to prosecute terrorists.

Question 16

The International Criminal Court's (ICC)role and existence indicates concepts about crimes against humanity are enshrined in:

A)international law.
B)international norms.
C)international expectations.
D)domestic law.
E)domestic norms.

Question 17

How is international law created?

A)Through the senate of the United Nations.
B)It is ratified by at least three international organizations.
C)It is upheld by international courts.
D)Through state interactions,customs,and conventions.
E)The most powerful state in the international system determines what is and is not law.

Question 18

Obligation refers to:

A)state contributions to international organizations.
B)state contributions to international law.
C)how important one state is to another.
D)how many international laws uphold a particular international regime.
E)how legally bound states are to an international rule.

Question 19

International norms are what countries:

A)want other countries to do for them.
B)need other countries to do for them.
C)believe are appropriate for other countries to do.
D)demand that other countries do,often with the use of force.
E)threaten other countries not to do.

Question 20

If a state can ignore a set of international laws without any international repercussions,it suggests that the set of international laws are:

A)high obligation.
B)self-enforcing.
C)consistent with domestic interests.
D)low obligation.
E)precise.

Question 21

If delegation is high and law is imprecise,there is a risk that:

A)third parties will not enforce the law.
B)no one will know who has the power to enforce the law.
C)states will not understand the benefits of the law.
D)diplomats will not consider the law when negotiating.
E)additional actors may create new laws to fill in legal gaps.

Question 22

What is NOT a characteristic of hard law?

A)It delegates substantial authority to third parties.
B)It is intentionally vague.
C)It is obligatory.
D)It requires state action.
E)It is precise in its mandates.

Question 23

Procedural norms are primarily concerned with ________ a particular situation.

A)proper behavior by actors in
B)the institutions that matter for
C)which actors are considered to be legitimate actors for
D)how decisions are made about
E)how actions by actors are funded in

Question 24

Regulative norms are primarily concerned with ________ a particular situation.

A)proper behavior by actors in
B)the institutions that matter for
C)which actors are considered to be legitimate actors for
D)how decisions are made about
E)how actions by actors are funded in

Question 25

A new 300-page treaty on banning the practice of whaling is most likely to be:

A)self-enforcing.
B)precise.
C)imprecise.
D)low obligation.
E)high obligation.

Question 26

Constitutive norms are primarily concerned with ________ a particular situation.

A)proper behavior by actors in
B)the institutions that matter for
C)which actors are considered to be legitimate actors for
D)how decisions are made about
E)how actions by actors are funded in

Question 27

How are norms created in the international system?

A)By two states establishing a treaty.
B)When an international institution establishes a set of procedures for states to follow.
C)When a sufficiently large number of states agree upon expectations of behavior.
D)When a hegemon declares something to be morally right or justified.
E)When a state is punished for failing to follow an international norm.

Question 28

Delegation in international law refers to:

A)how much power is given to the legislature of a country.
B)how much power is given to the president of a country.
C)whether further negotiation is to be handled by diplomats.
D)how much control is given to third parties.
E)how long the treaty is in effect.

Question 29

Which of the following does NOT make an international agreement more likely to have an enforcement provision?

A)States face larger difficulties in credibly committing to the agreement.
B)States have less of a clear interest in the issue.
C)States have a large incentive to defect.
D)States make an agreement about an economic issue.
E)States are more uncertain about the behavior of their treaty partners.

Question 30

What is an argument for international law being ineffective?

A)Most states follow laws most of the time.
B)Few states violate international law.
C)Only international organizations are bound by international law;other actors are not subject to international law.
D)International law reflects state interests and does not actually alter the behavior of states.
E)There is not an international institution that can hear cases about international law.

Question 31

Why are international laws typically followed by states?

A)Regimes would face harsh consequences if they did not follow international law.
B)International law rarely goes against what a state would already have wanted to do.
C)States tend to fear the international punishment for not following international law.
D)There is little alternative to following international law;disobeying international law is quite difficult.
E)The potential rewards from future cooperation encourage states to follow international law today.

Question 32

Which factor would make states more likely to rely on informal enforcement mechanisms?

A)Large differences in size and power of states.
B)An agreement being related to economic issues.
C)Weak norms in the related issue area.
D)The lack of an active norm entrepreneur.
E)The presence of an international organization with a veto.

Question 33

International norms are best described as:

A)rules in the international system that only a few states follow.
B)informal international understandings.
C)expectations that only exist between developed countries.
D)bureaucratic rules for behavior between states.
E)extensions of international law that are implicit in legal charters.

Question 34

Most norms typically begin with ________ seeking to advance a new standard of behavior.

A)international organizations
B)norms entrepreneurs
C)norms violators
D)policy makers
E)norms cascades

Question 35

International agreements about ________ issues are most likely to have enforcement provisions.

A)economic and human rights
B)human rights and security
C)security and environmental
D)economic and security
E)human rights and environment

Question 36

How are international laws typically enforced?

A)The World Court adjudicates all international laws.
B)The International Criminal Court adjudicates all international laws.
C)The European Court of Justice adjudicates all international laws.
D)International law is only enforced when the Security Council chooses to enforce it.
E)International law is primarily enforced through the principle of self-help.

Question 37

When are norms easiest to identify in the international system?

A)When states are following the norms.
B)When states are violating norms.
C)When there are no international laws related to the norm.
D)When there is an established international organization pushing for the norm.
E)When the international hegemon identifies a norm as being important.

Question 38

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a soft law?

A)Adherence to it is mandatory.
B)Violation of the law results in immediate punishment.
C)Oversight and enforcement is delegated to third parties.
D)The obligations of the law are vague or unclear.
E)Nonstate actors are held accountable by the law.

Question 39

What is NOT a factor in determining the difference between hard and soft law?

A)Obligation.
B)Precision.
C)Delegation.
D)Enforcement.
E)Relative power.

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of a compliance constituency?

A)Export industries in France pushing the nation to follow the laws of the World Trade Organization to keep the country in good standing.
B)The United States using trade as leverage with less developed countries to ensure they adhere to international environmental standards.
C)A president getting elected within the United States on a platform of becoming a member of the International Criminal Court and following its laws.
D)A labor group in Great Britain opposing a World Trade Organization ruling against protections that benefit the group.
E)The UN Security Council enforcing international law upon UN members.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a method through which transnational advocacy networks (TANs)aim to bring about political and social change?

A)Social mobilization.
B)Violence.
C)Changes in social norms.
D)Political pressure on governments.
E)Creation of new knowledge.

Question 42

How are TANs effective in acting as monitors for international norms and agreements?

A)They can provide information about compliance to concerned parties.
B)TANs are composed of media bodies that can widely distribute information about bad practices.
C)TANs can punish states for not adhering to a norm.
D)TANs typically act as judicial bodies,where acts of noncompliance are brought to them to be verified.
E)They can force states to violate norms if they believe the states do not support the norms anyway.

Question 43

What is international law and how do international laws constrain the behavior of actors in the international system?

Question 44

In the boomerang model,________ organizations use TANs to bring pressure on ________.

A)international;nongovernmental organizations
B)nongovernmental;neighboring governments
C)international;violators of international norms
D)nongovernmental;their own governments
E)international;nonmembers

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of the boomerang process?

A)TANs appeal to the nongovernmental organizations in an undemocratic state to pressure their government to change.
B)Exiled citizens become activists abroad and then return home to pressure the government to change.
C)The harsh policies implemented by the authoritarian state backfire by creating mass domestic opposition.
D)Nongovernmental organizations in a state contact transnational organizations,which bring pressure on their government to change policies.
E)A state's criticism of other states' offenses opens itself up to domestic criticism of its own abuses.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a way in which TANs use "naming and shaming" to get a state to alter abhorrent behavior?

A)It causes a state to be labeled an international pariah.
B)It forces the International Monetary Fund to devalue that country's currency.
C)It mobilizes the "court of world opinion."
D)It weakens the reputation of states that threaten cooperation with other states.
E)It makes other states reluctant to trust the state.

Question 47

The constituent actors of transnational networks may include all EXCEPT:

A)local social movements.
B)foundations and other philanthropic organizations.
C)the media.
D)states.
E)churches,trade unions,consumers,and other civil organizations.

Question 48

Why have norms against child labor NOT been universally adopted?

A)Child labor is not morally problematic.
B)The alternatives for the children in poor areas are sometimes worse than the status quo.
C)Schools tend to be useless in developing countries and not worth the time of the children.
D)There has not been enough effort by international organizations to get child labor banned.
E)Consumers tend to be fine with buying products made by child labor.

Question 49

What is NOT a stage in the norm life cycle?

A)Norm entrepreneurs work to convince individuals and states of their ideas.
B)Norm entrepreneurs frame issues in a way that makes them acceptable to various actors.
C)International actors respond negatively to the existence of the norm.
D)Norm cascade occurs and the number of adherents moves beyond a tipping point.
E)Norms are internalized by actors in the international system.

Question 50

What are norms and how do norms affect behavior? Are they more effective at affecting the behavior of some actors more than others?

Question 51

Which of the following is FALSE about transnational networks?

A)They are usually governed by a centralized authority that can mandate actions by their members.
B)They are engaged in voluntary interactions.
C)They interact across national borders.
D)They may have coordinating committees to set the agenda.
E)They often attempt to create new norms or spread the adoption of existing ones.

Question 52

TANs dealing with child labor have:

A)decreased in number,as there is less child labor in the world today than there was in previous time periods.
B)decreased in number,as there are more pressing issues than child labor.
C)increased in number,as it is easy to get funding to stop child labor.
D)increased in number,as the problems with child labor have gained media attention.
E)stayed about the same as in previous time periods,as the issues with child labor have remained essentially the same.

Question 53

What can best be said about TANs using the power of ideas to change behavior at the individual and state levels?

A)Industry lobby groups have little choice but to accept science that goes against their industry.
B)Expert consensus must be unanimous for behavior to change.
C)The power of an idea alone is enough to set policy.
D)Academic communities are increasingly reluctant to support policy change.
E)Scientific or technical knowledge seldom translates directly into policy change.

Question 54

What is the norms life cycle? Give an example of a norm going through the life cycle.

Question 55

What is an example of a norm entrepreneur?

A)A president of France declaring that France will lower tariffs on all agricultural products from former colonies.
B)The UN Security Council declaring that Iraq has to abandon all programs to build weapons of mass destruction.
C)An organization holding a conference in which actors discuss how to stop civil wars in less developed countries.
D)India and China agreeing to stop all conflict along their borders.
E)The United States declaring an international war against terrorism.

Question 56

Why would a state want a TAN to monitor another state's compliance instead of doing the monitoring itself?

A)TANs usually have better expertise about international relations than states.
B)States are better off delegating tasks to nonstate actors,as nonstate actors can better represent states' interests.
C)Monitoring is costly and it is therefore less expensive if a TAN monitors state behavior.
D)States have more control over TANs than they do their own bureaucracies.
E)Monitoring is a costless activity for TANs to undertake.

Question 57

What kinds of international laws are most effective? Discuss soft and hard types of law in your answer.

Question 58

Why do some international laws have enforcement mechanisms while others do not? What factors make a law more or less likely to have enforcement mechanisms?

Question 59

What makes a state more or less likely to follow an international law? Why would states want to give up part of their sovereignty in ratifying an international law or following an international norm?

Question 60

Which of the following statements about the endorsement of international agreements by TANs is FALSE?

A)TANs provide cheap information shortcuts about international agreements.
B)TANs reduce uncertainty about the international agreements for politicians,who may be suspicious of the possible effects of the agreement.
C)TANs allow legislators to make good decisions about agreements,even when they are not fully informed about the details of the agreements.
D)TANs are trusted when they are seen as principled actors with strong normative beliefs.
E)States often approve international agreements on the basis of their own criteria and not because of a TAN's advocacy.

Question 61

What role do TANs play in the creation of international agreements?

Question 62

Given the increased role nonstate actors play in international relations,how relevant is the state? Pick a specific topic area and discuss the most pivotal actors that shape the issue you have selected.

Question 63

How do TANs help monitor compliance with international agreements?

Question 64

How do transnational advocacy networks (TANs)enforce compliance with norms?