Deck 16: Statistical Analyses

Question 1

Jeff thinks that market sales are influenced by the preceding year's unemployment rate.Jeff should use a ____ for his analysis.

A)discriminant analysis
B)path analysis
C)factor analysis
D)time-lagged regression analysis
E)regression analysis

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is(are)NOT an assumption underlying the use of inferential statistics?

A)sample must be drawn from the population about which inferences are to be made
B)nonprobability sampling
C)100% completion rate
D)sampling with replacement
E)simple random sampling.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Using simple random sampling,100 males were drawn from a population and asked their age.The mean age for these men was 22.The standard error for the sample was 5.We are 68% confident that the population parameter is

A) 22.
B)between 19.5 and 24.5.
C)between 17 and 27.
D)between 12 and 32.
E)between 10 and 30.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The regression model can NOT be used to

A)summarize a relationship between variables.
B)predict a value of one variable from its relationship to another related variable.
C)provide in-depth information for a single variable.
D)determine the specific function relating the two variables.
E)analyze a relationship between two variables.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)If a relationship is substantively significant then it is also statistically significant.
B)If a relationship is statistically significant then it is also substantively significant.
C)If a relationship is statistically significant then it is an important relationship.
D)Statistical significance does not indicate anything about substantive significance.
E)If a relationship is statistically significant then it is also substantively significant. because a statistically significant relationship is an important relationship.

Question 6

Given the following bivariate matrix,which of the following statements is(are)INCORRECT?

A)X is the column variable.
B)Fourteen cases have the pattern X2Y2.
C)There are three different variables on Y.
D)Four cases are located at Y3X1.
E)There are four different variables on Y.

Question 7

Faced with data that do not support an assumption of independence between two variables in a population,a researcher should

A)immediately rejects the assumption of independence.
B)attribute this discrepancy to an unrepresentative sample or reject the assumption of independence.
C)retest the data in order to confirm these initial findings.
D)immediately assume that the sample was unrepresentative of the population.
E)ignore the findings as incorrect and start again.

Question 8

Raj wanted to examine the strength of the relationship between political affiliation (Democrat,Republican,Independent,Other,None)and religious beliefs (Protestant,Catholic,Jewish,Muslim,Other,None).Which measure of association should he use to present this relationship?

A) lambda.
B) gamma.
C) chi square.
D) Pearson's product moment correlation.
E) omega.

Question 9

A gamma value of 3.3 indicates

A) an extremely strong relationship.
B) an error in calculations.
C) a moderately weak relationship.
D) an extremely weak relationship.
E) no relationship at all.

Question 10

How many degrees of freedom exist in the following table?
EMPLOYMENT STATUS

A)9
B)8
C)3
D)4
E)1

Question 11

Which of the following statistics can be used to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant relationship between two variables in a contingency table?

A)gamma
B)chi square
C)lambda
D)Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient
E)ANOVA

Question 12

The formulas for some measures of association can result in coefficients with either positive or negative signs.Under which of the following circumstances can those signs be meaningfully interpreted?

A)whenever the data are expressed as frequencies
B)when the data are measured at the nominal level
C)when the data are measured at the ordinal level
D)whenever the data have a modal category
E)whenever the data are expressed as percentages

Question 13

An appropriate measure(s)of association for the data presented below is(are)
EMPLOYMENT STATUS

A)gamma.
B)lambda.
C)chi square.
D)Pearson's product moment correlation.
E)alpha.

Question 14

Given the following table relating the social class of husband with the social class of wife,which of the following computations would equal the number of pairs with the same ranking?
SOCIAL CLASS OF HUSBAND

A)200(199)/2
B)50(20+30+30+10) + 25(20+30) + 10(30+10) + 30(30)
C)10(30+10+15+10) + 25(10+15) + 20(10+15) + 30(15)
D)60(65+75) + 85(60+55)
E)None of these choices is correct.

Question 15

Which of the following hypotheses assumes that there is no relationship between two variables?

A)research
B)null
C)alternate
D)secondary
E)substantive

Question 16

Which of the following regression equations represents the strongest relationship between X and Y?

A)Y = 2 + .3X
B)Y = 2 + 1.3X
C)Y = 2 + 1.8X
D)Y = 2 + 3X
E)The strength of the relationship cannot be determined from the regression equation.

Question 17

Given the following table relating age to employment status,which of the following conclusion(s)can be drawn?
EMPLOYMENT STATUS

A)There is a negative association between age and employment status.
B)As age increases so does the employment status.
C)There is a positive association between age and employment status.
D)There is a negative association between age and employment status such that as age increases so does employment status.
E)There is a positive association between age and employment status such that as age increases so does employment status.

Question 18

Suppose you had calculated gamma for the following table,and it was .36.This means that
SOCIAL CLASS OF HUSBAND

A)husband's social class is positively associated with wife's social class.
B)36% more of the pairs examined had the same ranking than had the opposite ranking.
C)36% more of the pairs examined had the opposite ranking than had the same ranking.
D)husband's social class is positively associated with wife's social class and therefore 36% more of the pairs examined had the same ranking than had the opposite ranking.
E)husband's social class is positively associated with wife's social class and therefore 36% more of the pairs examined had the opposite ranking than had the same ranking.

Question 19

Professor Smigel calculated a chi square of 83.26 on a set of data.The value for chi square in the table at the .05 level (< .05)was 16.91.Smigel concluded that

A)it is improbable that the observed relationship could have resulted from sampling error alone.
B)the null hypothesis was rejected.
C)there is a statistically significant relationship at the .05 level.
D)the null hypothesis was rejected, and there is a statistically significant relationship at the .05 level.
E)the null hypothesis was rejected, there is a statistically significant relationship at the .05 level, and it is improbable that the observed relationship could have resulted from sampling error alone.

Question 20

A .05 level of significance means that

A)there is only a 5% chance that the statistic's value could be obtained as a result of sampling error only.
B)one is 50% certain that the sample value is representative of the population.
C)there is only a 5% chance that the variables tested are not independent.
D)the results can be accepted because the sampling error is only 5%.
E)the level of confidence is only 5%.

Question 21

Basically,path analysis attempts to

A)study a relationship between two variables with a third variable held constant.
B)examine a nonlinear relationship between two variables.
C)describe relationships among variables by developing causal models.
D)determine the irreducible factors underlying a series of variables.
E)represent relationships as distances between points.

Question 22

Which of the following is an INAPPROPRIATE unit of analysis in Geographic Information Systems?

A)countries
B)states
C)fire departments
D)census tracts
E)cities

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT an assumption underlying regression analysis?

A)simple random sampling
B)discrete variables
C)at least interval data
D)absence of nonsampling error
E)continuous variables.

Question 24

Using the following regression equation,which of the following statements is FALSE?
Y = bₒ + bX₁ + bX₂ + bX₃

A)It treats b as the independent variable.
B)There are three independent variables.
C)There is one dependent variable.
D)It predicts Y from the X's.
E)It treats Y as the dependent variable.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding discriminant analysis?

A)Its logic is similar to that of multiple regression.
B)The dependent variable can be nominal.
C)The dependent variable must be at least interval.
D)Its logic is similar to that of multiple regression except that the dependent variable can be nominal.
E)Its logic is similar to that of multiple regression and it too requires that the dependent variable be at least interval in measurement.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is FALSE about the logic of ANOVA?

A)The cases under study are combined into groups representing an independent variable.
B)The extent to which groups differ from one another is analyzed in terms of some dependent variable.
C)The extent to which the groups differ is compared with the standard random distribution.
D)Only one explanatory variable can be used in an ANOVA analysis.
E)More than one explanatory variable can be used in an ANOVA analysis.

Question 27

At the univariate level,descriptive statistics are used for

A)measures of association.
B)multivariate analyses.
C)data expansion.
D)data reduction.
E)determining causality.

Question 28

Professor Stanton thought that verbal ability was a function of age.Stanton collected data on people aged 5 to 20.The analysis yielded the following equation: V = 20 + 3A where V = verbal ability and A = age.Stanton was asked to predict the verbal ability of a 30 year old.Stanton should respond

A) 110.
B) 90.
C)extrapolation is untrustworthy.
D)interpolation is untrustworthy.
E)53.

Question 29

The formula Y = f(X)tells us that

A)X is the dependent variable.
B)Y is the dependent variable.
C)f is the dependent variable.
D)need to know what Y, f, and X represent to determine the dependent variable
E)Y equals 10.

Question 30

Log-linear models

A)use a logic that is similar to that used in chi-square.
B)are based on specifying models that describe the interrelationship among variables.
C)compare expected and observed table-cell frequencies.
D)use a logic that is similar to that used in chi-square and therefore compare expected and observed table-cell frequencies.
E)are based on specifying models that describe the interrelationship among variables and they compare expected and observed table-cell frequencies using a logic that is similar to that used in chi-square.

Question 31

If one wished to examine the relationship between education and income with age held constant,an appropriate technique would be

A)multiple regression.
B)partial regression.
C)curvilinear regression.
D)factor analysis.
E)time-series analysis.

Question 32

With the equation of Y = 22.7 - 0.9X,what is the predicted value of Y if X is 3?

A) 22.7
B) 2.7
C)20
D)25.4
E) 19.7

Question 33

Given the following computer printout from a factor analysis,which of the following statements is(are)TRUE?

A)There are seven factors.
B)There are seven variables.
C)Factor #7 could be eliminated from the analysis.
D)Variable #2 is most important for factor #2.
E)Variable #3 tells us nothing.

Question 34

Professor Henley calculated a squared multiple correlation coefficient.It was .36.This means that

A)36% of the variance in the final score was explained.
B)60% of the variance in the final score was explained.
C)6% of the variance in the final score was explained.
D)13% of the variance in the final score was explained.
E)Henley erred in the calculation.

Question 35

In path analysis,the statistic measuring the strength of a relationship between pairs of variables with the effect of other variables held constant is called

A)a path coefficient.
B)a partial epsilon.
C)a coefficient of alienation.
D)residual variance.
E)a variance coefficient.

Question 36

Factor analysis attempts to

A)analyze interrelationships of several variables.
B)reduce relationships among variables to a number of key dimensions.
C)discover basic patterns of relationships among variables.
D)analyze interrelationships of several variables, reduce relationships among variables to a number of key dimensions, and discover basic patterns of relationships among variables.
E)reduce relationships among variables to a number of key dimensions and discover basic patterns of relationships among variables.

Question 37

Professor Triker is interested in examining the occupational mobility of women in the United States.Triker believes that people's first job affects their second job and that job in turn affects their third job,and so on.To analyze the data Triker should use

A)factor analysis.
B)time-series analysis.
C)two-way analysis of variance.
D)smallest-space analysis.
E)curvilinear regression analysis.

Question 38

Which of the following techniques would be MOST useful in analyzing the relationship between Sex (male,female),Political party preference (Democrat,Republican,Other),Religious affiliation (believe in a higher order,unsure about a higher order,do not believe in a higher order)and support for gun control (yes,no,don't know)?

A)log-linear models
B)one-way ANOVA
C)partial regression
D)chi square
E)multiple regression

Question 39

You believe that the number of hours people spend in the labor force is a function of age.In fact,you argue that between the ages of 14 and 21 labor force participation,measured in hours,steadily increases.Between the ages of 22 and 60 it remains fairly constant.From ages 61 on it steadily declines.To analyze data,you should use

A)curvilinear regression.
B)partial regression.
C)multiple regression.
D)path analysis.
E)analysis of variance.

Question 40

In a 2x3 table how many cells do we need to fill in before the remainder of the table is determined by the marginal frequencies?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)6

Question 41

Chi square compares

A)percentages and ratios.
B)expected and observed frequencies.
C)percentages down with percentages across.
D)observed frequencies and population frequencies.
E)frequencies and ratios.

Question 42

The null hypothesis states that

A)there is a strong relationship between the two variables in the total population.
B)there is a moderate relationship between the two variables in the total population.
C)there is a weak relationship between the two variables in the total population.
D)there is no relationship between the two variables in the total population.
E)you will not be able to find a relationship between the two variables in the total population.

Question 43

Gamma compares

A)pairs of respondents in terms of rankings on two variables.
B)pairs of variables in terms of rankings per respondent.
C)pairs of respondents in terms of rankings on one variable.
D)pairs of variables in terms of rankings on two respondents.
E)pairs of variables in terms of rankings on multiple variables

Question 44

Which one of the following parallels elaboration analysis?

A)curvilinear regression
B)path analysis
C)partial regression
D)linear regression
E)multivariate regression

Question 45

Samuel wanted to calculate a measure of association for her two variables of age and education,both of which were coded in three ordinal categories.Which one of the following would be best?

A)lambda
B)omega
C)gamma
D)alpha
E)delta

Question 46

Roland wanted to examine the factors that lead to sex offender recidivism.He wanted to specifically determine what role previous offense history,severity of offense,and history of abuse played as independent variables.The method he should use to perform this analysis would be:

A) linear regression.
B) chi-square.
C) multiple regression.
D) Pearson's r.
E) gamma.

Question 47

What is the best advice to follow when using regression analysis?

A)It is very robust-don't worry about a thing.
B)It has far too many assumptions to make it a worthwhile approach.
C)It is based on several assumptions that are seldom satisfied, so use with caution.
D)When in doubt, use curvilinear regression.
E)If one type of regression doesn't work, keep trying the other types of regression.

Question 48

The appropriate measure of association for two nominal level variables is

A)lambda.
B)omega.
C)gamma.
D)alpha.
E)PRE.

Question 49

Boyce wants to examine the association between two variables,and he wants to be able to predict values on the dependent variable given values on the independent variable.It would be best to use

A)Pearson' r.
B)gamma.
C)linear regression.
D)multiple regression.
E)chi-square.

Question 50

Jocelyn wanted to explain the changes in teen-age car crashes over the past decade.She wanted to examine the effect of several variables on the changes over time in teenage car crashes.It would be best to use

A)path analysis.
B)factor analysis.
C)time-series analysis.
D)linear regression.
E)content analysis.

Question 51

Inferential statistics are used to

A)make inferences to only the sample used.
B)make inferences to the population the sample was taken from.
C)infer more empirically the underlying meaning of concepts.
D)infer which assumptions can be violated when doing multivariate analysis.
E)make inferences to the validity of the analytic results.

Question 52

Which one of the following must be computed in order to use a standard set of chi square values?

A)standard deviations
B)sampling errors
C)degrees of freedom
D)percentages down and percentages across
E)Pearson's r

Question 53

Helene has two ratio-level variables in her study and wants to calculate a measure of association.Which one of the following would be best?

A)Patterson's D
B)Shirley's F
C)Pearson's r
D)Farley's s
E)Gamma's r

Question 54

A statistical significance level of .05 means that

A)the probability that a relationship as strong as the observed one can be attributed to sampling error alone is 5 percent.
B)we can be 5 percent sure that the relationship is real and not due to sampling error.
C)there is an .05 percent chance that a relationship as strong as the observed one can be attributed to sampling error.
D)the difference we observed in the table is 5 percent different.
E)there is a 5 percent standard error in the observations.

Question 55

Kaylee is interested in studying the relationship between gender (male,female)and religious affiliation (Catholic,Protestant,atheist,Muslim,Hindu,etc).What measure of association should she use?

A)lambda
B)gamma
C)Pearson's r
D)proportion reduction of error
E)chi-square

Question 56

Any statement of sampling error must contain

A)the serendipity quotient and the confidence level.
B)the confidence level and the confidence interval.
C)the confidence interval and the standard deviation.
D)the standard deviation and the serendipity quotient.
E)the standard error and the confidence level.

Question 57

Kaleesha has developed 50 items to measure social isolation among high school students.She constructed the items by first identifying what she thought were four dimensions of social isolation,and then developing items to reflect each dimension.She now wants to use a statistical technique that will determine which items "hang together" in terms of how respondents answered them,so that she can determine if her conceptually identified dimensions are supported empirically.It would be best to use

A)path analysis.
B)time-series analysis.
C)path analysis.
D)factor analysis.
E)content analysis.

Question 58

Which one of the following is FALSE?

A)Tests of substantive as well as statistical significance should be computed.
B)Tests of statistical significance should not be computed when studying an entire population.
C)The assumptions of tests of significance are frequently violated.
D)Babbie's bias is against tests of significance.
E)Statistical significance should always be computed with a sample.

Question 59

Which three levels of significance are frequently used in research reports?

A).99, .95, .90
B).50, .75, .99
C).10, .05, .01
D) .05, .01, .001
E) .10, .01, .001

Question 60

Ginger wanted to develop a causal analysis of factors leading to divorce.She was particularly concerned with developing a graphic picture of the relationships among her variables.It would be best to use

A)path analysis.
B)time-series analysis.
C)factor analysis.
D)linear regression.
E)graph.

Question 61

If Lindsey is interested in studying the relationship between an ordinal independent variable (e.g.level of education attained)and a ratio dependent variable (e.g.amount of income earned per year),she should probably conduct a ________,and use _________ to analyze her results.

A)crosstabs; chi-square, lambda, gamma
B)crosstabs; t-test, ANOVA
C)means test; chi-square, lambda
D)means test; t-test, ANOVA
E)means test; Pearson's r, regression

Question 62

Which of the following computer programs is statistical software for quantitative data analysis?

A) Nvivo.
B) STATA.
C) QDA Miner.
D) TAMS.
E) these are all used for quantitative data analysis.

Question 63

A scattergram is a graphic representation of

A)linear regression analysis.
B)time-series analysis.
C)factor analysis.
D)path analysis.
E)discriminant analysis.

Question 64

Logit and probit models of regression are specifically used for:

A) nominal variables.
B) interval variables.
C) ratio variables.
D) ordinal variables.
E) any level of variable.

Question 65

Regression lines can be used for interpolation.

Question 66

The t-test is a commonly used measure to judge statistically significant differences in group means.The value of t is highly influenced by the size of the sample,the difference between means,and:

A)the level of measurement.
B)the mean of each variable included.
C)variations of differences within each group.
D)the median value of the variable.
E)the slope of the related regression equation.

Question 67

Which of the following research projects would be most well suited to the use of GIS?

A) voting patterns between Democrats and Republicans across the United States.
B) distribution of financial resources to schools in the state of New York.c rates of property and violent crimes in a single city.
D) the spread of HIV infection across the entire world.
E) all of these choices are correct.

Question 68

A disadvantage of factor analysis is that it does not permit hypotheses to be disconfirmed.

Question 69

If an association is statistically significant it is an important relationship

Question 70

Professor Bu's calculated chi square value for a set of data was 11.92.The value for chi square at the .05 level in a table of values was 16.91.The professor can conclude

A) the null hypothesis should be rejected.
B) the relationship may be due to sampling error alone.
C) the alternate hypothesis should be accepted.
D) the relationship between variables is statistically significant.
E) the relationship is not due to sampling error.

Question 71

Gamma is a measurement based on

A)guessing the inverse values of a distribution.
B)guessing the outlying variables of a distribution.
C)guessing the exact values of variables.
D)guessing the ordinal relationship of variables.
E)guessing the nominal relationship of variables.

Question 72

The equation,Y = a - bX signifies a __________ relationship.

A)positive
B)negative
C)independent
D)null
E)good

Question 73

The proportionate reduction in error is related to the strength of the relationship between two variables.

Question 74

Based upon simple random sampling of 100 college students,the mean GPA was 2.3 with a standard error of 0.3.We are 68% confident that the population parameter is

A) between 1.4 and 2.6
B) between 1.7 and 2.9
C) 2.3
D) between 2.0 and 2.6
E) less than 1.4

Question 75

Inferential statistics are used primarily for describing samples.

Question 76

For most social science purposes,the accepted minimum level of significance is:

A)p = .40
B)p = .25
C)p = .05
D)p = .10
E)p = .20

Question 77

Which of the following is based upon the same logical conventions as the Elaboration Model?

A)ANOVA
B)chi-square
C)partial regression analysis
D)curvilinear regression analysis
E)time-series analysis

Question 78

In the case of r,errors are measured in terms of the sum of the squared differences between the actual value and the mean.This sum is called the

A)standard error.
B)sum or error.
C)standard deviation.
D)standard variation.
E)total variation.

Question 79

Michel is examining the amount of binge drinking on a college campus,with the belief that due to maturity and a desire to succeed,the more drinking a student did the year before,the more reduction there will be in drinking later.To perform this analysis he should use:

A) curvilinear regression analysis.
B) snowball analysis.
C) time-series analysis.
D) factor analysis.
E) two-way ANOVA.

Question 80

If Jay is studying the relationship between two ordinal variables,he should probably use _________ to analyze her results.

A)chi-square
B)means test
C)ANOVA
D)regression
E)Pearson's r