Deck 17: Immunology I: Basic Principles of Adaptive Immunity and Immunization

Question 1

All of the following cells are types of T lymphocytes except

A) regulatory
B) delayed hypersensitivity
C) helper
D) plasma

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Colostrum which contains large amounts of antibodies passed on to an infant from a mother during breast-feeding,is an example of what type of immunity?

A) acquired active artificial
B) acquired active natural
C) acquired passive natural
D) acquired passive artificial

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Injection of a patient with ready-made antibodies produced in a different host is an example of what type of immunity?

A) acquired active artificial
B) acquired active natural
C) acquired passive natural
D) acquired passive artificial

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Injection of a person with a vaccine that induces protective immunity in that individual is an example of what type of immunity?

A) active natural
B) innate natural
C) active artificial
D) passive natural

Question 5

Antigens are found on

A) human cells
B) bacteria and viruses
C) antibodies
D) two of the above

Question 6

What is a substance that is recognized by the body as foreign and normally induces an immune response?

A) Fc fragment
B) Fab fragment
C) Fab and Fc fragment
D) epitope or antigenic determinant

Question 7

Adaptive immunity is

A) the ability of a host to mount a defense against a specific inherited agent
B) only acquired artificially
C) only acquired naturally
D) immunity obtained in some manner other than by heredity

Question 8

Which of the following is false about haptens?

A) a hapten alone can not act as an antigen
B) a large protein (to which a hapten can bind) alone cannot act as an antigen
C) only the combination of a hapten and a large protein can act as an antigen
D) haptens bind to antibodies preventing them from binding to a large protein

Question 9

Most antigens are

A) large and complex molecules
B) polysaccharides
C) are proteins with molecular weights less than 10,000 Da
D) proteins that bind to a specific antigenic determinant

Question 10

A protein molecule produced in a host in response to an antigen and is capable of binding specifically to that antigen is called:

A) perforin
B) antigen
C) antibody
D) cytokine

Question 11

Which refers to the ability of a host organism to recognize and defend itself against the onslaught of pathogenic microorganisms?

A) immunity
B) passive immunity
C) susceptibility
D) innate immunology

Question 12

Cells that are neither T or B cells,but function to non-specifically kill cells infected by viruses are called:

A) natural killer cells
B) phagocytic cells
C) memory cells
D) blood cells

Question 13

Immunity that is mediated by antibodies is called

A) innate
B) humoral
C) cell-mediated
D) non-specific

Question 14

An area on an antigen molecule to which an antibody molecule binds is called:

A) Fc fragment
B) Fab fragment
C) Fab and Fc fragment
D) epitope or antigenic determinant

Question 15

Programmed cell death is also known as

A) antiserum
B) antibody
C) antigen
D) apoptosis

Question 16

Immunity that is mediated by T lymphocytes is called

A) cell-mediated
B) antibody-mediated
C) innate acquired
D) innate natural

Question 17

Cells that synthesize and release antibody molecules are

A) plasma cells
B) stem cells
C) cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D) helper T lymphocytes

Question 18

The concentration of antibody needed to bind to and neutralize an antigen is called:

A) tolerance
B) T-cell
C) titer
D) antitoxin

Question 19

What is the site where stem cells develop into B lymphocyte in humans?

A) bursa of Fabricius
B) thymus
C) blood
D) bone marrow

Question 20

Both humoral and cellular immunity share the following attributes except

A) distinguishes self from non-self
B) specificity
C) memory
D) first-line of defense

Question 21

Hybridomas are used to produce

A) opsonization
B) membrane attack complex
C) monoclonal antibodies
D) polyclonal antibodies

Question 22

Which of the following T cells is activated by interleukin-1 and in turn activates B cells to differentiate into plasma cells?

A) NK cells
B) Tc cells
C) T regulatory
D) TH cells

Question 23

Agglutination

A) is inactivation of bacterial toxins due to the binding of an antibody
B) leads to the ingestion of the particle by macrophages due to opsonization
C) requires complement
D) occurs when antibody-antigen complexes form large clumped particles

Question 24

Antigens that have the capacity to activate huge numbers of immune T cells non-specifically resulting in a large immune response that results in diseases are

A) self antigens
B) non-self antigens
C) superantigens
D) antitoxins

Question 25

All of the following pertain to the structure of an antibody molecule except

A) two identical light chains
B) heavy and light chains held together by disulfide bonds
C) binds 2 antigens per molecule
D) two Fc fragments and one Fab fragment

Question 26

The role of activated macrophages is to

A) produce polyclonal antibodies
B) produce toxic hydrogen peroxide and accelerate the inflammatory response
C) bind to the MHC II molecule and T cell receptor molecule not in the receptor site
D) none of the above

Question 27

All of the following have correctly matched antibody class with their function except

A) IgD - function largely unknown
B) IgE - binds to mast cells and basophils
C) IgM - plays a role in mediating allergies and asthma
D) IgG - crosses placenta

Question 28

Activated delayed hypersensitivity T (TDTH)cells:

A) release macrophage chemotactic factor
B) play a role in humoral immunity
C) suppress T cells
D) release perforin molecules

Question 29

Which of the following immune cells kills infected cells by releasing the lethal protein perforin?

A) NK cells
B) B cells
C) macrophages
D) TH2 cells

Question 30

Which of the following statements about antigenicity is false?

A) normal host tissue is referred to as self
B) foreign substances are referred to as non-self
C) all bacteria have antigens and are seen as non-self
D) transplanted organs have no antigens and are seen as self

Question 31

Cross reactions occur in all of the following cases except

A) when an antibody reacts with structurally similar antigens
B) when syphilis has the same haptens as human cells
C) between a hapten and a carrier molecule
D) between two strains of bacteria

Question 32

Which region of an antibody determines the class of that particular antibody?

A) constant
B) variable
C) light chain
D) Fab

Question 33

The ability of the humoral response to produce a vast array of antibodies,each with uniqueness to a given antigen is responsible for the immune system's

A) memory
B) hyperimmune serum
C) heterogeneity
D) homogeneity

Question 34

The ability of the specific immune system to recognize self from non-self is mediated by

A) cross reaction
B) clonal selection
C) gamma globulin
D) species immunity

Question 35

Which class of immunoglobulins consists of five units and is connected by a J chain?

A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgM
D) IgE

Question 36

After differentiation how do B cells migrate?

A) bone marrow à blood cirulation à lymph nodes
B) bone marrow à thymus à blood circulation
C) bone marrow à bursa of Fabricius à lymph nodes
D) lymph node à bone marrow à blood circulation

Question 37

Monoclonal antibodies are all of the following except

A) antibodies that are produced at greatest frequency in the body
B) made by hydridomas which make only one specific antibody
C) produced by a clone of cultured cells
D) used for diagnostic tests and to treat rheumatoid arthritis

Question 38

All of the following pertain to the role of activated helper T cells in cellular mediated immunity except

A) differentiation into memory TC cells
B) recognizes MHC with antigenic peptide on macrophages
C) differentiation into TH1 cells
D) differentiation into TH2 cells

Question 39

Antibodies produced by the humoral response help eliminate foreign antigens in all of the following ways except

A) neutralization
B) opsonization
C) complement activation
D) natural killer cells

Question 40

The process whereby lymphocytes which recognize self antigens are removed,thus producing tolerance in the host is

A) heterogeneity
B) memory
C) primary response
D) clonal deletion

Question 41

Mucosal immune system

A) carries out immune responses in exactly the same manner as in the blood
B) blocks bacterial replication but does not stimulate the adaptive immune system
C) has IgE as its primary immunoglobulin on mucosal surfaces
D) is the largest component of the immune system

Question 42

What are 4 attributes of adaptive immunity? Describe how both humoral and cell-mediated responses achieve these properties.

Question 43

All of the following statements about immunization are true except

A) live vaccines are potentially hazardous to pregnant females
B) passive immunization can provide immediate immunity to an exposed person
C) vaccines need to be practical in terms of stability and use
D) recombinant DNA vaccines inject the entire genomes of nonvirulent pathogens

Question 44

Which of the following is not a mechanism by which protozoa evade the immune response?

A) cellular invasion
B) cyst formation
C) antigenic variation
D) IgM activating enzymes

Question 45

How do vaccines work? Can you describe 2 hazards of vaccines? In your opinion why aren't there vaccines for every disease?

Question 46

Which of the following statements about immunization is false?

A) inadequate refrigeration decreases effectiveness of measles vaccine
B) recommended age for immunization in children varies for each vaccine
C) injection of gamma globulin can establish passive immunization
D) route of administration does not affect the vaccines's efficacy

Question 47

All of the following are types of vaccines except

A) killed whole bacteria
B) purified active toxin
C) toxoid
D) live virus

Question 48

You are vaccinated against chickenpox as an infant and then when you are six you encounter the virus as one of your friends is suffering from chickenpox. How does your response to the vaccine (ie your first exposure to the antigen)differ from the response to the virus when you are six (i.e. your second exposure to the antigen)? What antibodies would be in your serum during the first and second response? If you don't get chickenpox when you were six even though you were exposed,is the vaccine a T-independent antigen or a T-dependent antigen?

Question 49

All are hallmarks of an effective vaccine except

A) safe and stable
B) no adverse side effects
C) sustained protection
D) should generate antibodies but not T cells

Question 50

All of the following are environmental factors that modify the immune response in a host except

A) genetics and age
B) pollution and radiation
C) tobacco smoke
D) excessive exposure to radiation

Question 51

A compromised host

A) may have a poor diet
B) may have an impairment in cell mediated immunity but not humoral immunity
C) usually has increased resistance to infectious diseases
D) two of the above

Question 52

Which of the following T cells has CD8 receptors on its surface and recognizes virus-infected cells by viral antigens presented on macrophages?

A) NK cells
B) Tc cells
C) T regulatory
D) TH cells

Question 53

Which of the following pathogens is matched incorrectly with the immune response it illicits?

A) bacteria - antibodies
B) viruses - NK cells and Tc cells
C) fungi - IgA antibodies and cell mediated responses
D) protozoa - humoral responses including opsonization and phagocytosis

Question 54

Privileged sites

A) have M cells interspersed between epithelial cells
B) include the uterus, anterior chamber of the eye and testes
C) have especially strong immune responses against viruses
D) are not accessible to most pathogens