Deck 8: Gene Transfer and Genetic Engineering

Question 1

In horizontal gene transfer

A) genes are passed between bacteria of different generations
B) genes are passed from mother cells to daughter cells
C) genes are passed between bacteria of the same generation
D) none of the above

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A bacterium that is transformed

A) cannot form a conjugation pilus
B) has acquired naked DNA from the environment
C) will probably die within 48 hours
D) if injected, it always will result in the death of a mouse

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following processes increases variation seen in bacteria?

A) transformation
B) conjugation
C) transduction
D) all of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The transfer of DNA between bacteria cells by a virus is

A) transformation
B) transduction
C) transferration
D) conjugation

Question 5

Bacterial conjugation is an example of

A) transduction
B) vertical gene transfer
C) horizontal gene transfer
D) bacterial transformation

Question 6

A virus which incorporates its DNA into the DNA of its host organism is a

A) virulent phage
B) prophage
C) lytic phage
D) none of the above

Question 7

When genes are passed on from parent to offspring,which of the following events has taken place?

A) horizontal gene transfer
B) transduction
C) vertical gene transfer
D) retrograde gene transfer

Question 8

In an experiment such as Griffith's pneumococcal experiment,which of the following,when injected into a mouse,would result in its death?

A) heat killed smooth pneumoccocci
B) live rough pneumococci
C) a mixture of heat killed smooth pneumococci and live rough pneumococci
D) a mixture of heat killed rough pneumococci and live rough pneumococci

Question 9

A phage is

A) a virus which can infect bacteria
B) a virus which can infect humans
C) a small bacterial cell which needs to live inside another cell
D) a virus that shares its DNA with its host cell

Question 10

Which of the following happens earliest in a typical bacteriophage lytic cycle?

A) phage inserts its DNA into the host cell
B) phage DNA is inserted into the bacterial chromosome
C) bacterial cell lyses
D) viral DNA and proteins are produced by the host cell

Question 11

During the process of lysogeny

A) a phage integrates into the chromosome of the bacterium
B) a bacterium takes up DNA from the media
C) new phage particles are assembled in the host bacterium
D) a bacterium is split open to release new phage particles

Question 12

In specialized transduction the bacterial genes transduced tend to be

A) those genes in greatest use by the bacteria
B) those genes that are currently not being transcribed
C) those genes that are located close to the site of the prophage
D) those genes that are small enough to fit in the viral head

Question 13

The genetic information needed for a cell to participate in conjugation resides in the DNA of a cell's

A) bacterial chromosome
B) F plasmid
C) F pilus
D) mitochondria

Question 14

Which of the following processes requires contact between donor and recipient cells?

A) transduction
B) transcription
C) conjugation
D) transformation

Question 15

In Griffith's experiments,the "transforming substance" was

A) RNA
B) Protein
C) Polysaccharides
D) DNA

Question 16

A viral cycle which ends with the rupture of the cell and release of new viral particles is the

A) temperate cycle
B) lytic cycle
C) lysogenic cycle
D) prophage cycle

Question 17

Competence refers to a bacterium's ability to

A) synthesize a protein from another species gene that has been engineered
B) undergo conjunction with an F+ cell
C) take up DNA fragments
D) be infected by a phage

Question 18

"Specialized" transduction refers to the fact that

A) it only happens at specific times in the cell cycle
B) only specific bacteria take part as hosts
C) only specific genes are transferred
D) only specific viruses take part in the process

Question 19

A lytic viral cycle is usually the result of infection by a

A) prophage
B) virulent phage
C) temperate phage
D) antiphage

Question 20

In Griffith's transformation experiments,which of the following did not take place?

A) live, smooth pneumococci killed mice
B) live rough bacteria were able to retrieve the DNA from dead, encapsulated bacteria and become virulent
C) DNA was transferred from smooth to rough bacteria using a bacteriophage
D) dead, smooth pneumococci had no effect on mice

Question 21

A transgenic organism

A) contains DNA from two different species of organism
B) contains a plasmid
C) is resistant to viral infection
D) contains DNA which allows it to transfer plasmids from its cells to other cells

Question 22

A typical transposon is flanked by

A) resistance factors
B) inverted repeat terminals
C) RTF genes
D) repressor sites

Question 23

The process of conjugation in bacteria requires that

A) two types of viruses be present
B) the bacteria be deprived of nutrients
C) there be naked DNA in the environment
D) there be contact between donor and recipient cells

Question 24

F' plasmids

A) are responsible for high frequency recombination
B) carry some chromosomal genes
C) are those plasmids that have never been incorporated into a bacterial chromosome
D) none of the above

Question 25

Natural selection

A) predicts that the addition of antibiotics to an environment does not directly cause organisms to become resistant
B) explains how antibiotic resistance can be maintained in a population
C) doesn't consider competition between strains
D) two of the above

Question 26

A ________ is a genetic sequence able to move from one location in a chromosome to another.

A) plasmid
B) F factor
C) transposon
D) R factor

Question 27

Plasmids which contain genes for the formation of an F pilus are called

A) transferable
B) promiscuous
C) competent
D) lytic

Question 28

Removing the cell walls from two different strains of organisms and then allowing the membrane bound cells to combine with one another best describes

A) genetic fusion
B) protoplast fusion
C) cell fusion
D) DNA fusion

Question 29

High frequency recombination cells arise when

A) they have multiple F plasmids
B) a portion of the cell's F plasmid has been incorporated into the bacterial chromosome
C) conjugation and transformation happen at the same time
D) Bacterial chromosomes do not break during conjugation

Question 30

When cells conjugate for longer periods of time,which of the following will occur?

A) fewer genes will be transferred
B) more genes will be transferred
C) the same number of genes will be transferred
D) It is impossible to tell. Conjugation time and number of genes transferred are not related

Question 31

Plasmids do which of the following

A) direct synthesis of conjugation pili
B) provide resistance to certain antibiotics
C) induce the formation of tumors in plants
D) all of the above are functions of plasmids

Question 32

The Ti plasmid is known primarily for its ability to

A) direct synthesis of conjugation pili
B) provide resistance to certain antibiotics
C) induce the formation of tumors in plants
D) two of the above

Question 33

Bacteria that contain recombinant plasmids can be easily isolated because

A) they are larger than nonrecombinant bacteria
B) they are designed to be resistant to certain antibiotics
C) they grow much faster than nonrecombinant bacteria
D) they are smaller than non-recombinant bacteria

Question 34

DNA can be cut at specific sites by using

A) ligases
B) restriction enzymes
C) antibiotics
D) plasmids

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true?

A) high frequency recombination depends on a cell having multiple F plasmids
B) promiscuous plasmids can only be transferred between the same species
C) cells containing an F' plasmid have multiple copies of some genes
D) an F pilus is needed for bacterial transformation

Question 36

Bacteriocins

A) are resistance molecules found on plasmids
B) are inhibited by UV exposure
C) are growth-inhibiting proteins that inhibit strains closely related to the producer
D) only exist in eukaryotic organisms

Question 37

In a culture containing both F⁻ and F⁺ cells,which of the following will occur if we wait long enough?

A) No conjugation will occur
B) The cells will all become genetically identical
C) All F⁻ will become F⁺ cells
D) All F⁺ cells will become F⁻ cells

Question 38

Transposons are of particular significance because they

A) come in pairs and often are associated with viruses
B) regulate gene transcription in bacteria
C) can be inserted using a gene gun
D) can be inserted either between genes or in genes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 39

When conjugation occurs between a Hfr donor and a F⁻ recipient,which of the following describes the outcome

A) F⁺ cells
B) F⁻ cells with some quantity of chromosomal DNA
C) F⁻ cells with no chromosomal DNA
D) F' cells with some duplicate gene pairs

Question 40

DNA from an organism can be incorporated into a vector using the enzyme

A) DNA polymerase
B) RNA polymerase
C) ligase
D) restriction endonuclease

Question 41

In 1981 a review of safety concerns concerning recombinant DNA research found that

A) mutants of E. coli require special sanitization practices
B) laboratory workers could become easily infected with the strain of E. coli normally used in lab experiments
C) no illnesses could be traced to laboratory researchers working with recombinants
D) two of the above are true

Question 42

Soil bacteria are incredibly resistant to multiple antibiotics,presumably as a response to competition from bacteria that produce antibiotics. What are three ways that these antibiotic resistant genes could move from soil bacteria species to other species of bacteria? Briefly describe each gene transfer process. Name one or more factors that would affect the likelihood of this transfer occurring.

Question 43

Restriction enzymes come from

A) fungal cells
B) viruses
C) bacteria cells
D) animal cells

Question 44

RFLP's are the result of

A) treating cells with enzymes that remove their cell walls
B) fusing two cells together
C) genes being transferred by a virus
D) cutting DNA with restriction enzymes

Question 45

Hybridomas are used to produce large quantities of

A) restriction enzymes
B) monoclonal antibodies
C) antibiotics
D) natural insecticides

Question 46

Gene therapy would describe which of the following scenarios?

A) bacteria which produce human growth hormone
B) a DNA comparison in a paternity case
C) yeast which has been genetically engineered to produce yeast from starch
D) replacing a defective gene in human cells

Question 47

A relative is upset about genetically modified organisms being in food that she might eat. How are transgenic organisms different from organisms that undergo recombination events in nature? How do you feel about transgenic organisms? Do you feel the same about organisms used for laboratory research as those that are crops? How about transgenic organisms used to manufacture medical treatments or pets? Explain all of your opinions with scientific arguments or evidence.

Question 48

Recombinant bacteria have been used to produce

A) human growth hormone
B) vaccines
C) insulin
D) all of the above

Question 49

Toxin from which of the following bacteria is used as an insecticide

A) E. coli
B) B. thuringiensis
C) P. fluorescens
D) P. mirablis

Question 50

Gene amplification

A) allows transposition of genes from one location on a chromosome to another
B) occurs when plasmids are induced to reproduce within cells at a rapid rate
C) allows material from one strain to recombine with that from another strain
D) complicate our ability to increase antibiotic production

Question 51

Electroporation is a technique that is used to

A) kill bacteria
B) make bacteria competent
C) increase conjugation among bacteria
D) decrease the pathogenicity of bacteria

Question 52

Describe the experiments of Griffith that led to the discovery of transformation. How could one design an experiment to demonstrate that transformation was due to the transfer of DNA?

Question 53

Without restriction endonucleases,it would be impossible to

A) insert plasmids into bacteria
B) bring about mutations in bacteria
C) replicate DNA in a recombinant cell
D) open the DNA of plasmids

Question 54

Hybridomas

A) are responsible for tumor formation in plants
B) are resistant to monoclonal antibodies
C) divide and grow for only a short period of time
D) are the fusion of an antibody producing plasma cell and a cancer cell