Deck 15: Processes of Change

Question 1

Cultures are adaptive systems _______________.

A)that never change
B)that are continually changing
C)that are usually remain stable even if conditions change
D)that are usually unstable
E)that always change gradually

Answer 1

that are continually changing

Question 2

According to the North American anthropologist Ralph Linton,about 90 percent of any culture's content comes from _______________.

A)primary innovation
B)diffusion
C)invention
D)syncretism
E)revolution

Answer 2

diffusion

Question 3

Acculturation differs from other types of processes of change because it always involves an element of _______________.

A)force
B)improvement
C)cultural decline
D)religious change
E)innovation

Answer 3

force

Question 4

The deliberate use of basic ideas in some practical application,such as making use of the knowledge of how electricity works to develop the telephone,is called _______________.

A)revitalization
B)primary innovation
C)modernization
D)an integrative mechanism
E)secondary innovation

Question 5

_______________ occurs when two societies with different cultures come into prolonged,firsthand contact,and one or both of these societies experience major processes of change.

A)Diffusion
B)Nativism
C)Innovation
D)Syncretism
E)Acculturation

Question 6

The ultimate source of all new ideas in a culture is _______________.

A)imitation
B)diffusion
C)innovation
D)revolution
E)modernization

Question 7

According to Stephen Jay Gould,"Wheels,like wings,fins,and brains,are exquisite devices for certain purposes,not signs of intrinsic superiority." Which of the following statements about the use of the wheel in the Middle East is correct?

A)Wheels were never appropriate vehicles in the Middle East,and were never used there;camels have been used as beasts of burden since before biblical times.
B)Wheels have always been used in the Middle East,as they are the most appropriate vehicle for traveling across deserts.
C)Wheels were once widespread in the Middle East,but by the sixth century A.D.
Had been replaced by camels because the Roman roads had deteriorated and the camel was more suitable to the uneven terrain.
D)Camels were once widespread throughout the Middle East during biblical times,but as civilization advanced were replaced by vehicles that made use of the wheel.
E)Wheels were replaced by wings in the 6th-century Middle East.

Question 8

The extermination of one group of people by another,often deliberately and in the name of progress,is called _______________.

A)ethnocide
B)acculturation
C)diffusion
D)applied anthropology
E)primary innovation

Question 9

In New England,the culture of English-speakers replaced the various cultures of Native Americans living along the coast.Your text says that this occurred because _______________.

A)English-speaking culture was superior to Native American culture
B)Native American culture was superior to English-speaking culture
C)It is inevitable that English-speakers will replace other cultures that they encounter
D)A combination of accidental factors contributed to the success of English-speakers in establishing colonies along coastal New England
E)The success of English-speakers was only a temporary setback for the progressive development of Native American culture

Question 10

Where did the earliest firing of clay vessels to make them more durable take place?

A)North America
B)Europe
C)Central America
D)southern Africa
E)Asia

Question 11

As a result of prolonged firsthand contact between societies A and B,which of the following might happen?

A)The cultures of A and B might fuse,becoming a single culture with elements of both.
B)Society A might retain its distinctive culture,but lose its autonomy and come to survive as a subculture such as a caste or ethnic group.
C)Society A might be wiped out by society B,with only a few scattered refugees living as members of the dominant society.
D)Societies A and B would each retain their distinctive cultures living side by side in peace,harmony,and prosperity.
E)all but d

Question 12

Why did English-speakers replace the culture of Native Americans along coastal New England?

A)The French were defeated by the English in Canada.
B)The English had gained a lot of experience in dominating other peoples through their domination of the Scots,Irish,and Welsh in their own country.
C)An epidemic wiped out 90% of the native inhabitants of coastal New England,but had little effect on the English settlers.
D)Conditions in England encouraged large numbers of people to migrate to the Americas.
E)all but a

Question 13

Which of the following distinguishes acculturation from other forms of processes of change?

A)One culture borrows ideas from another.
B)Two groups are in contact with each other.
C)Two groups borrow extensively from each other.
D)The use or threat of force in the relationship between two groups whose prolonged firsthand contact results in massive processes of change.
E)One culture is the primary source of innovation,and the other culture is the primary borrower of new ideas.

Question 14

In biblical times,chariots and carts were widespread in the Middle East,but by the 6th century,the old Roman roads had deteriorated so much that wheeled vehicles were replaced by camels.This illustrates that the processes of change is sometimes due to _______________.

A)primary invention
B)secondary invention
C)diffusion
D)revitalization
E)cultural loss

Question 15

Which of the following statements about diffusion is incorrect?

A)Most of Anglo-American culture is borrowed from other cultures.
B)A culture tends to borrow elements that are compatible with the existing culture.
C)Cultural borrowings are so well integrated into the existing culture that few people are aware of their "alien" origin.
D)The cultivation of the potato diffused to the New World from Ireland.
E)The tobacco plant was domesticated by the American Indians.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of primary innovation?

A)the discovery that when clay is heated to a certain temperature it will become permanently hard
B)the discovery that meat cooked over an open flame might cause some cancers
C)the realization that meat when exposed to heat will become softer and easier to chew
D)the discovery of the principle of the wheel
E)all but b

Question 17

Copernicus' discovery that the earth orbits the sun rather than vice versa _______________.

A)was a primary innovation that met the cultural goals and needs of his time
B)was a primary innovation that was out of step with the needs,values,and goals of his time
C)was a secondary innovation that put into application the discovery by Ptolemy that heavenly bodies moved on crystalline spheres around the earth
D)was a secondary innovation that was deliberately developed by Copernicus to destroy the Church
E)resulted from diffusion of ideas from India

Question 18

The chance discovery of some new principle that can be applied in a variety of ways is _______________.

A)primary innovation
B)primary syncretism
C)applied anthropology
D)cultural adaptation
E)diffusion

Question 19

You are a Central Asian nomad.You and your family are migrating westwards,and have just wiped out a farming village.You are wondering how you can carry some of the booty from the raid,since the horses already have too much to carry.You watch your daughter playing with a small toy that has two little wheels made from dried,twisted grass.Suddenly you jump up and shout the Central Asian equivalent of "Eureka!" and within several days have rigged up a crude two-wheeled cart that can be pulled by a horse.You have just produced a(n)_______________.

A)primary innovation
B)secondary innovation
C)example of acculturation
D)example of applied anthropology
E)syncretism

Question 20

The spread of cultural elements from one culture to another is called _______________.

A)cold fusion
B)transfusion
C)diffusion
D)innovation
E)confusion

Question 21

During World War II,cultural anthropologists worked for the government to describe the cultures of Germany and Japan in an effort to provide knowledge that might help the United States win the war.This is an example of _______________.

A)acculturation
B)applied anthropology
C)millenarism
D)structural differentiation
E)tradition

Question 22

In the 1960s,the children of many middle-class and upper-class families,trying to come to terms with the disparity between the ideologies expressed by their parents (e.g. ,the importance of peace,equality,and individual freedom)and the reality of war,poverty,and individual constraints,tried to establish a more satisfying way of life.Many ran away from home to live in communes where they tried to abolish individual property and fulfill ideals of universal love.This is an example of _______________.

A)structural differentiation
B)modernization
C)innovation
D)revitalization
E)diffusion

Question 23

Changes in Skolt Lapp society occurred because _______________.

A)men switched from reindeer herding to other sources of income
B)the number of reindeer declined
C)snowmobiles were used to herd reindeer
D)society became hierarchical
E)women became more powerful than men

Question 24

The development of a bureaucracy,expansion of educational opportunities,reduction in the spheres of social behavior in which religion and kinship play a role,achievement replacing ascription as the basis for defining roles-all of these are associated with _______________.

A)modernization
B)structural differentiation
C)revitalization
D)diffusion
E)acculturation

Question 25

A deliberate attempt by members of society to construct a more satisfying culture may be called a(n)_______________.

A)secondary innovation
B)revitalization movement
C)enervating movement
D)syncretism
E)primary innovation

Question 26

_________________ funded the Institute for Development Anthropology and has made pioneering contributions to applied anthropology.

A)Franz Boas
B)John Ury
C)Michael Horowitz
D)Eric Wolf
E)Federica de Laguna

Question 27

The field of applied anthropology developed _______________.

A)through efforts to help the poor in North American society
B)in sociology classrooms
C)in industry
D)in colonial situations
E)through the efforts of women opposed to prohibition

Question 28

Which of the following are considered to be important precipitators of rebellion and revolution?

A)sudden reversal of recent economic advances
B)the media no longer support the government
C)the established leadership loses prestige
D)a strong,charismatic leader organizes attacks on the existing government
E)All of the above

Question 29

_______________ did extensive research on peasants and also worked tirelessly to promote ethics in anthropological research.

A)Eric Wolf
B)Bronislaw Malinowski
C)Federica de Laguna
D)Clifford Geertz
E)Raymond Firth

Question 30

The British introduced cricket to "civilize" the Trobriand Islanders.What happened?

A)The Trobrianders were so upset at losing their traditional customs that they rebelled against the British rulers.
B)The Trobrianders gave up competitive sport altogether.
C)The Trobrianders accepted the game and played it the way the British played it.
D)The Trobrianders changed the game so that it became more like the traditional Trobriand contest involving display of prestige,use of battle magic,and erotic dancing.
E)The Trobrianders preferred baseball to cricket.

Question 31

The _______________ were known historically as the Lapps.

A)Huichol
B)Mekranoti
C)Jivaro
D)Saami
E)Shuar

Question 32

In acculturation,subordinate groups will often incorporate new cultural elements into their own culture,creating a blend of old and new;a reinterpretation of new cultural elements to fit them with already existing traditions is called _______________.

A)syncretism
B)innovation
C)diffusion
D)integrative mechanisms
E)modernization

Question 33

What strategy did the Jivaroan-speaking Shuar of Ecuador use to preserve their culture?

A)They adopted Christianity.
B)They organized a corporate body that held land in common.
C)They required their schools to use the Shuar language.
D)They have preserved the role of kinship in the organization of local communities.
E)all of the above except a

Question 34

Carol Jenkins received a MacArthur Foundation grant in order to study the emergence of new diseases in _______________.

A)United States
B)Senegal
C)Brazil
D)Norway
E)Papua New Guinea

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of an NGO?

A)World Bank
B)International Union for the Conservation of Nature
C)U.S. Agency for International Development
D)United Nations Fund for Women
E)Central Intelligence Agency

Question 36

All of the following are associated with modernization except ______________.

A)urbanization
B)technological development
C)agricultural development
D)industrialization
E)linguistic development

Question 37

Ethnocide is represented by which of the following examples?

A)Systematic killing of men,women,and children among Native American populations during the Anglo-European settling of New England.
B)Decimation of the Kung population as the result of disease.
C)Movement of hunting and gathering peoples from their jungle environment to land which they are expected to farm.
D)Resettlement of groups that were formerly enemies to the same reservation.
E)all of the above

Question 38

As modernization occurs,which of the following changes are likely to follow?

A)increase in literacy
B)decrease in the role of religion
C)kinship plays a less significant role
D)social mobility increases
E)all of the above

Question 39

Revolution is a phenomenon that began some _______________ years ago.

A)14,000
B)12,000
C)5,000
D)4,000
E)500

Question 40

The term "modernization" _______________.

A)is a relativistic rather than ethnocentric concept
B)refers to the process of cultural and socioeconomic change whereby societies acquire the characteristics of industrialized societies
C)refers to a global and all-encompassing process whereby modern cities gradually deteriorate
D)can be used to show that all societies go through the same stages of evolutionary development,culminating in the urban-industrial state
E)is not used by anthropologists

Question 41

One by-product of colonial dealings with indigenous peoples has been the growth of _______________ and the use of anthropological techniques and knowledge for certain "practical" ends.

A)applied anthropology
B)ethnography
C)ethnology
D)quantitative anthropology
E)qualitative anthropology

Question 42

Although the Trobriand Islanders of Melanesia have adopted a number of items from the British,such "borrowed" things are combined with traditional ones,as in the ritual celebration of the yam harvest,which they combined with the game of cricket which the British missionaries insisted they play instead of the traditional celebration.This is an example of _______________,

A)creativity
B)ingenuity
C)imagination
D)syncretism
E)inspiration

Question 43

The discovery that the firing of clay makes it permanently hard is an example of a(n)_______________.

A)fluke
B)accidental innovation
C)surprise occurrence
D)primary innovation
E)secondary innovation

Question 44

The _______________ deliberately avoided modernization,until they felt they had no other option if they were to fend off the same outside forces that elsewhere in Amazon basin have destroyed whole societies.

A)Skolt Lapps
B)Inuit
C)Shuar
D)Dinka
E)Yoruba

Question 45

The violent eradication of an ethnic group's collective cultural identity is called _______________.

A)acculturation
B)homicide
C)genocide
D)ethnocide
E)extinction

Question 46

Syncretism results when _______________.

A)people become assimilated in the face of powerful outside pressure
B)people are able to keep the faith with their traditions in the face of powerful outside domination
C)people develop thyroid deficiencies
D)an ethnic group is exterminated by another group
E)people rebel against a powerful external group

Question 47

Which of the following is not considered one of the mechanisms of change?

A)innovation
B)diffusion
C)cultural loss
D)acculturation
E)accommodation

Question 48

_______________ always involves an element of force,either directly,as in conquests,or indirectly,as in the implicit or explicit threat that force will be used if people refuse to make the changes those in the other group expect them to make.

A)Assimilation
B)Acculturation
C)Integration
D)Amalgamation
E)Incorporation

Question 49

_________________________ is the deliberate application or modification of an existing idea,method or device.

A)Acculturation
B)Assimilation
C)Adaptation
D)Primary innovation
E)Secondary innovation

Question 50

One of the first and most prominent anthropologists to focus on these worldwide transformations was _______________.

A)Franz Boas
B)Eric Wolf
C)Laura Nader
D)William Jankowiak
E)John Swetnam

Question 51

The most common pattern characterizing violence against indigenous people in Brazil is _______________.

A)racism
B)violence against indigenous people
C)massacres
D)illegal detention
E)police brutality

Question 52

Another name for massive cultural change is which takes place as a result of one society coming into contact with a more powerful society is _______________.

A)acculturation
B)extinction
C)fusion
D)consolidation
E)amalgamation

Question 53

According to your text,a recent act of ethnocide occurred between the _______________ and the _______________.

A)Nazi Germans/ Jews and Gypsies in Europe
B)Iraqi government/Kurds in Iraq
C)Chinese and Tibetans
D)Guatemalan government/Mayan communities in Guatemala
E)colonial authorities/Pequot Indians in North America

Question 54

The recent Zapatista uprising in Mexico is considered a(n)_______________.

A)act of terrorism
B)revolution
C)ethnocide
D)tribute to Emiliano Zapata
E)economic catastrophe

Question 55

_______________ are the developers of the world's largest array of nutritious foods and the primary contributors to the world's varied cuisine.

A)Africans
B)Italians
C)Chinese
D)French
E)American Indians

Question 56

As a result of _______________ contributions,river basin development policy is an area where anthropologists are now playing a major role worldwide.

A)Boas's
B)Horowitz's
C)Gluckman's
D)dos Santos's
E)Gould's

Question 57

_______________ is a consequence of change that happens to work favorably for a population.

A)Acculturation
B)Assimilation
C)Progress
D)Adaptation
E)Modernization

Question 58

____________________ may occur when so many carriers of a culture die that those who manage to survive become members of another society as refugees and are living among members of another culture.

A)Ethnocide
B)Genocide
C)Cultural eradication
D)Diffusion
E)Innovation

Question 59

An estimated __________________ people are currently refugees and are stuck in cramped squalid refugee camps around the world.

A)2 million
B)23 million
C)16 million
D)5 million
E)10 million

Question 60

_______________ is a relatively recent phenomenon,occurring only during the past 5,000 years or so.

A)Terrorism
B)Depression
C)Recession
D)Revolution
E)Stagnation

Question 61

In China,____________________ labor has become critical to economic expansion.

A)child
B)female
C)male
D)peasant
E)young

Question 62

In case after case,a scenario is revealed in which violent acts against Brazil's indigenous peoples are never brought to justice.

Question 63

Corn originated in _____________________.

A)Brazil
B)North America
C)Italy
D)Zimbabwe
E)Mexico

Question 64

The ___________________ system was adopted widely as a result of the French military expansion under Napoleon.

A)monarchy
B)democratic
C)metric
D)decimal
E)Dewey decimal

Question 65

All modernizing societies undergo,in a fixed sequence,the stages of technological development,agricultural development,industrialization,and urbanization.

Question 66

Because everyone had access to critical resources and there was little social and economic differentiation among them,the Skolt Lapps had an egalitarian society.

Question 67

Close to 2 million people are being displaced because of dam construction in China.

Question 68

Eric Wolf helped expose counter-insurgency use of anthropological research in Southeast Asia.

Question 69

A revitalization movement that attempts to overthrow an existing social structure with its accompanying ideology is called revolutionary.

Question 70

With the process of modernization,literacy and social mobility increase.

Question 71

An excellent example of diffusion is the adoption of the _____________________,across multiple language barriers and cultural barriers.

A)maize porridge
B)democracy
C)metric system
D)British pound as currency
E)paper money

Question 72

Because of the stable government and interaction of cultures,revitalization movements are a rare occurrence n the United States.

Question 73

Humans discovered that firing clay made it permanently hard 25,000 years ago.

Question 74

Diffusion can occur without acculturation.

Question 75

Air travel increases the spread of disease.

Question 76

To achieve self-determination,the Shuar abandoned their cooperative life style and acquired individual titles to land.

Question 77

Ethnocide used to occur,but it has not been practiced by civilized nations since the 15th century.

Question 78

The use of camels in the Middle East indicates that these societies were at a more primitive stage in cultural development than societies that used the wheel.

Question 79

Conservative ______________________ of North America are a good example of a faith-based community that resists change.

A)Mennonites
B)Christians
C)Mayans
D)Asians
E)Indians of the Americas

Question 80

_______________________________ has contributed to the decisions of where dams will be placed in such places as West Africa.

A)Innovation technology
B)Primary innovation
C)Secondary innovation
D)Development anthropology
E)Applied anthropology