Question 1

Radicals are formed through ___ .&#10;A) Heterolysis&#10;B) Homolysis&#10;C) Ozonolysis

Accepted Answer

Radicals are formed through homolysis, which is the breaking of a covalent bond in which each atom takes one of the bonding electrons.

Question 2

___ and ___ can be used to form radicals.&#10;A) Light and high temperatures &#10;B) Light and cool temperatures &#10;C) Dark and high temperatures &#10;D) Dark and cool temperatures

Accepted Answer

Light and high temperatures can provide the energy needed to break chemical bonds, forming radicals.

Question 3

What is the order of radical stability (from most stable to least stable)?&#10;A) methyl > primary > secondary > tertiary&#10;B) primary > secondary > tertiary > methyl&#10;C) tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl&#10;D) tertiary > primary > secondary > methyl

Accepted Answer

Tertiary radicals are the most stable due to hyperconjugation and the inductive effect from surrounding alkyl groups, followed by secondary, primary, and then methyl radicals.

Question 4

Radical halogenation reactions using ___ are the
Most ___ and often lead to multiple products. While radical halogenation reactions using ___ are the most ___ and produce primarily the major product.

A) bromine, selective, chlorine, reactive
B) bromine, reactive, chlorine, selective
C) chlorine, selective, bromine, reactive
D) chlorine, reactive, bromine, selective

Accepted Answer

Chlorine is the most reactive halogen and bromine is the most selective.

Question 5

Which of the following bonds would be most susceptible to radical formation?&#10;A) carbon carbon single bond&#10;B) oxygen oxygen single bond&#10;C) hydrogen hydrogen single bond&#10;D) oxygen hydrogen single bond&#10;E) carbon hydrogen single bond

Accepted Answer

Oxygen-oxygen single bonds, such as in peroxides, are generally weak and more susceptible to homolytic cleavage, leading to radical formation.

Question 6

What is the geometry of alkyl radicals?&#10;A) tetrahedral&#10;B) linear&#10;C) trigonal planar&#10;D) trigonal pyrimidal

Accepted Answer

Alkyl radicals have a trigonal planar geometry due to the sp2 hybridization of the carbon atom with the unpaired electron in a p orbital.

Question 7

Radical reactions produce a ___ .&#10;A) racemic product&#10;B) product with inversion of configuration &#10;C) product with retention of configuration &#10;D) Markovnikov product

Accepted Answer

Radical reactions often lead to the formation of racemic mixtures because radicals are planar and can react from either side, leading to the formation of both enantiomers.

Question 8

What is the product of the following reaction?  &#10;A) I&#10;B) II&#10;C) III&#10;D) IV

Accepted Answer

This reaction produces the anti-Markovnikov product.

Question 9

The ozone layer protects us from harmful ___ that can cause skin cancer. The ozone layer has been depleted by ___ released from air conditioners and refrigerator refrigerants.&#10;A) ultraviolet, bromine radicals&#10;B) ultraviolet, chlorine radicals&#10;C) infrared, bromine radicals&#10;D) infrared, chlorine radicals

Accepted Answer

The ozone layer protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation that can cause skin cancer. The ozone layer has been depleted by chlorine radicals released from air conditioners and refrigerator refrigerants.

Question 10

Light from the sun splits an ___ atom, which combines with another oxygen atom to create ozone. Ozone absorbs light from the sun and recreates the ___ atom. ___ radicals from CFCs decompose ozone instead of the sun light allowing the sunlight to reach the surface of the earth unfiltered.

A) ozone, oxygen, chlorine
B) oxygen, ozone, chlorine
C) oxygen, oxygen, chlorine
D) ozone, ozone, chlorine

Accepted Answer

The answer of Light from the sun splits an ___...

Deck 10: Radical Reactions