Deck 6: Subsistence Strategies and Resource Allocation II: How Did Food Production Transform Culture

Question 1

In the evolutionary-ecological model of societal development, the various "stages" are viewed as

A) discreet well defined stages.
B) points along a continuum.
C) hypothetical stages only.
D) supported by optimal foraging paradigms.

Answer 1

points along a continuum.

Question 2

In the eastern part of North America, the earliest horticultural societies were based on

A) corn, beans, and squash.
B) zea maize and squash.
C) wheat, corn, and beans.
D) chenopodium and other seeds.

Answer 2

chenopodium and other seeds.

Question 3

The Yanomamo tribe of Venezuela and Brazil are horticulturalists that rely on gardens for what percentage of their food?

A) about 20 percent
B) less than 50 percent
C) about 60 percent
D) more than 80 percent

Answer 3

more than 80 percent

Question 4

What is the most important plant source of nutrition for the Yanomamo?

A) beans
B) taro
C) plantain
D) corn

Question 5

What type of subsistence strategy is based on simple crop production without the benefit of cultivation or irrigation?

A) foraging
B) agriculture
C) horticulture
D) pastoralism

Question 6

In addition to their distinctive subsistence strategies, horticulturalists are characterized by what features?

A) small population and low energy budget
B) large population and land ownership
C) large population and good nutrition
D) high energy budget and a loose division of labor

Question 7

The Yanomamo of Venezuela and Brazil use which type of subsistence strategy?

A) horticulture
B) foraging
C) agriculture
D) pastoralism

Question 8

Horticulturalists have poorer nutrition than foragers because

A) their vitamin and mineral intakes are reduced.
B) they suffer from protein deficiency owing to lack of meat.
C) they live in crowded conditions and do not get enough to eat.
D) they have to work harder.

Question 9

Horticulturalists have

A) a low energy budget.
B) no energy budget.
C) an optimal energy budget.
D) a high energy budget.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an example of balanced reciprocity?

A) Yanomamo feast giving.
B) Inuit fishing.
C) Trobriand Kula exchange.
D) American birthday gift giving.

Question 11

Tribe and chiefdom are terms describing __________ groupings

A) political
B) ethnic
C) economic
D) geographical

Question 12

The Trobriand Islands made famous in the ethnographies of Bronislaw Malinowski are now called the

A) United Islands of Micronesia.
B) Ponepi Islands
C) Cook Islands
D) Kiriwina Islands

Question 13

Among Trobriand Islanders, traditional division of labor involved

A) men planting crops and women tending the crops.
B) women do all of the gardening.
C) men do all of the gardening.
D) all horticultural labors are equally shared by men and women.

Question 14

Trobriand Islanders grow

A) maize and beans.
B) beans and millet.
C) yams and breadfruit.
D) rice and mongongo nuts.

Question 15

An example of balanced reciprocity among Trobriand Islander's can be seen in

A) trade within the Kula Ring.
B) gift giving within the nuclear family.
C) the sharing of food with parents.
D) the sharing of labor when preparing the family garden.

Question 16

Which of the following groups is pastoral? The

A) Haida.
B) Trobriand Islanders.
C) Ju/'hoansi.
D) Nuer.

Question 17

Agriculturally based societies are primarily associated with the following economic institution(s):

A) generalized reciprocity.
B) market exchange.
C) redistribution and market exchange.
D) negative reciprocity and market exchange.

Question 18

A societal type that is marked by an egalitarian social structure based on horticultural and pastoral economies is called a

A) band.
B) tribe.
C) chiefdom.
D) state.

Question 19

A societal type with a hereditary leader, social stratification, and redistributive economy is called a

A) band.
B) tribe.
C) chiefdom.
D) dictatorship.

Question 20

A society based on the herding of animals where herds are moved to seasonal pastures is known as

A) nomadic pastoralism.
B) transhumance.
C) sedentary pastoralism.
D) mixed agriculture.

Question 21

Annette Weiner attributes the Trobriand Islander's maintenance of traditional beliefs in the face of change brought by tourism and other outside cultural contacts to

A) their strong religious beliefs.
B) the leadership of the chiefs
C) the Kula Ring.
D) the role of women.

Question 22

The Nuer peoples are native to

A) North America.
B) South America.
C) Southeast Asia.
D) Sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 23

Programs to aid Nuer refugees find permanent homes have resulted in how many immigrating to the United States?

A) less than 500
B) about 1,000
C) about 2,500
D) about 4,000

Question 24

Since the Nuer's culture was recorded by ethnographer Evans-Pritchard, they have

A) abandoned the pastoral lifestyle.
B) increased their reliance on horticulture.
C) have experienced the disruption of war and political unrest in Sudan.
D) have become assimilated into the urban economy and politics of Ethiopia.

Question 25

The Nuer of Sudan are said to practice which of the following subsistence strategies?

A) horticulture
B) foraging
C) agriculture
D) transhumance

Question 26

The primary food of the traditional Nuer diet is

A) cow meat.
B) goat meat.
C) milk.
D) beans.

Question 27

Agriculture as a subsistence strategy is based primarily on the use of

A) slash-and-burn.
B) tractors and swidden methods.
C) sharecropping and slash-and-burn techniques.
D) fertilizers and irrigation.

Question 28

Ghana provides an interesting case of both commodity and fiat money existing today.What is the "commodity"?

A) glass beads
B) leather
C) horn
D) cowry shells

Question 29

State societies have what modes of economic exchange?

A) reciprocity
B) redistribution
C) market exchange
D) all of the above

Question 30

"Money" became important in state societies because the state needed

A) to be able to exchange goods with other societies.
B) to minimize the differences between social classes.
C) a portable, impersonal medium of exchange.
D) a mechanism to unify the society.

Question 31

When the entrepreneur from Hawaii attempted to purchase large quantities of Tahitian palm fiber hats she discovered the Tahitian weavers

A) were very interested in earning hard currency.
B) subcontracted the work to neighbors and relatives.
C) established similar market connections with boutique shops in California.
D) were not interested in weaving identical hats.

Question 32

Nation-state currency today is usually backed by

A) gold
B) copper
C) nickel
D) platinum

Question 33

The text refers to all but _____ as a form of currency.

A) cowry shells
B) knives
C) beads
D) fur

Question 34

Slow Food places an emphasis on

A) the slow maturation of fruits and vegetables to preserve vitamins.
B) preserving the biodiversity of traditional food production.
C) reducing the fat and cholesterol in meat products.
D) preserving traditional foods among aboriginal societies.

Question 35

The Locavore movement challenges us to eat foods that are grown within

A) a 25 mile radius of where we live.
B) a 100 mile radius of where we live.
C) our home state.
D) our own country.

Question 36

On the plus side of the production maximization model are all of the following EXCEPT

A) cheaper food costs.
B) diet diversity.
C) global markets.
D) soil degradation.

Question 37

The production maximization model of intensive agriculture strives to maximize production through

A) maintaining crop genetic diversity.
B) growing folk varieties of crops.
C) maintaining soil fertility without chemical fertilizers.
D) growing genetically engineered varieties and using chemical fertilizers.

Question 38

The positive side of sustainable agriculture includes all of these EXCEPT it

A) helps traditional cultures maintain their local communities.
B) maintains soil fertility.
C) increases food costs.
D) may provide better nutrition.

Question 39

The domestication of animals such as goats and sheep resulted in major changes in all of these aspects of society EXCEPT

A) nuclear family structure.
B) systems of economic exchange.
C) social organization.
D) the division of labor.

Question 40

Slash and burn methods are used by horticulturalists primarily to

A) add to soil nutrients.
B) clear land.
C) exterminate insect pests.
D) sterilize soils.

Question 41

List four specific features of the adaptation of intensive agriculture that are not found in horticultural or pastoral societies.

Question 42

Name two similarities and two differences between the features of horticulturalism and pastoralism.

Question 43

List three specific ways that horticulturalism and pastoralism are similar.

Question 44

Why, according to Chagnon, do the Yanomamo make micro moves of villages?

Question 45

List three reasons that some believe horticulture was the worst mistake in the history of humanity.

Question 46

Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of a transhumance life style.

Question 47

Describe two types of currency used in market economies.

Question 48

Describe the two Trobriand Island Kula objects.

Question 49

List and discuss two ecological conditions that fostered pastoralism.

Question 50

Discuss two advantages of the sustainable agricultural approach to growing crops.

Question 51

Discuss and cite examples of three different human subsistence strategies.

Question 52

Compare and contrast foragers (from chapter 5) and horticulturalists with respect to technology, subsistence, division of labor, and systems of distribution.Cite specific examples to illustrate your discussion.

Question 53

Compare and contrast the environments, technologies, and subsistence strategies of two societies you have read about, learned about in lecture, or seen in a video.

Question 54

Describe the differences between generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity.Cite specific examples of each of these from your readings, and make comparisons with these forms of economic distribution in our society.

Question 55

Describe the technology of _________ (name group) and explain why this group's technology and food subsistence strategy would be characterized as _________ (name a type of subsistence strategy).

Question 56

Describe the features of horticultural societies, and cite specific examples showing how the Yanomamo fit these features.

Question 57

Describe the features of pastoralists, and show how the Nuer fit this designation.

Question 58

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of intensive agriculture.

Question 59

Compare and contrast the sustainable agriculture model of intensive agriculture with the production maximization model of agriculture.

Question 60

Discuss the pros and cons of a world wide adoption of sustainable agriculture.