Deck 8: Toward a National Economy

Question 1

The consumer revolution of the early nineteenth century

A) encouraged plain and simple living.
B) was accompanied by the emulation of aristocratic manners.
C) came at a time of economic stagnation and complacency.
D) led to the violent rejection of anything that seemed cosmopolitan or luxurious.

Answer 1

was accompanied by the emulation of aristocratic manners.

Question 2

The ________ was an early nineteenth century development that constituted the combined solution to the problems of locating sufficient capital, transporting raw materials to factories and products to consumers, and supervising large numbers of workers.

A) Lowell System
B) industrial revolution
C) "market revolution"
D) Waltham System

Answer 2

"market revolution"

Question 3

The first American factory was developed by

A) Samuel Slater to spin cotton thread.
B) Francis Lowell to weave woolen cloth.
C) Robert Fulton to build steamboats.
D) Eli Whitney to manufacture cotton gins.

Answer 3

Samuel Slater to spin cotton thread.

Question 4

The merchant who headed the Boston Associates, owner of the innovative Waltham mills, was

A) Francis Cabot Lowell.
B) Paul Moody.
C) Samuel Slater.
D) James Hargreaves.

Question 5

As the gap between owners and workers increased in the 1840s, American workers

A) developed a class solidarity similar to that of European workers.
B) felt increasingly trapped in the working class.
C) failed to become a self-conscious working class.
D) had limited opportunities for economic mobility.

Question 6

Most workers in the earliest textile factories were

A) women and children.
B) former hand spinners and hand weavers.
C) immigrants.
D) displaced farmers.

Question 7

Under the Waltham System,

A) laborers performed the work in their own homes.
B) laborers often fell heavily in debt to the company store because of easy credit.
C) each laborer was responsible for training his own apprentice.
D) young farm women worked and lived under strictly supervised conditions.

Question 8

The Boston Associates built textile mills in which young single New England women worked under relatively pleasant conditions. This was called the ________ System.

A) Melville
B) Concord
C) Waltham
D) Auburn

Question 9

The American population more than doubled between 1790 and 1820 primarily because of the

A) Louisiana Purchase.
B) market revolution.
C) high birthrate.
D) influx of immigrants.

Question 10

In the 1830s and 1840s, most of the thousands of poor and wretched immigrants who flooded into America came from

A) Italy and Greece.
B) Poland and Russia.
C) Ireland and Germany.
D) China and Japan.

Question 11

The modern method of organizing large enterprises, the corporation, was

A) eagerly embraced by most American businesses.
B) the basis of most manufacturing by 1830.
C) an idea which had not yet occurred to investors in the 1820s.
D) developing slowly before 1860.

Question 12

In the early nineteenth century, businesses became corporations by obtaining a charter

A) through the Interstate Commerce Commission.
B) through a special act of a state legislature.
C) from the governor in most states.
D) through the U.S. Treasury Department.

Question 13

One consequence of American industrialization in the early nineteenth century was

A) an increase in the need for foreign goods and thus in the business of merchants.
B) a decline in commercial agriculture and thus in the speed of westward settlement.
C) the rapid development of labor unions.
D) a decline in the need for foreign goods and thus in the business of merchants.

Question 14

By far the most important indirect effect of industrialization occurred when the

A) federal government constructed an efficient system of canals.
B) South began to produce cotton to supply the new textile mills of New England and Great Britain.
C) North was forced to locate new sources of liquid capital to fund the growing textile industry.
D) federal government built a series of national roads.

Question 15

A disadvantage of upland or "green-seed" cotton was that it

A) required the same type of land as indigo.
B) was very difficult to separate the seeds from the lint.
C) required the same type of land as rice.
D) could only be grown in the mild, humid lowlands near the coast.

Question 16

As a result of the cotton gin,

A) cotton production soared and the Southern economy boomed.
B) Southern production of rice ceased.
C) Northern merchants experienced severe economic losses.
D) Northern manufacturing was underfunded as investment flowed to the South.

Question 17

For a generation after 1815, the most expansive force in the American economy was

A) shipbuilding.
B) banking.
C) international commerce.
D) cotton.

Question 18

The racial beliefs of most white Americans in the last decades of the eighteenth century were characterized by their

A) greater respect for white property rights than for black American's right to personal liberty.
B) confidence that slaves were docile children who would never revolt.
C) growing desire for the ending of slavery by voluntary manumission.
D) continuing faith that slavery was a stagnant and declining institution.

Question 19

A successful and bloody slave revolt led to the creation in 1804 of the black republic of

A) Grenada.
B) Cuba.
C) Haiti.
D) Guadeloupe.

Question 20

The Republic of Liberia in western Africa

A) was a prime example of black political independence in the nineteenth century.
B) was founded by the American Colonization Society and was the eventual home to 12,000 American blacks.
C) received approximately a million immigrants from the United States prior to 1850.
D) was founded by free blacks from the United States.

Question 21

The colonization of Sierra Leone in the nineteenth century

A) was wildly successful.
B) had moderate success due to the support of many important white Southerners.
C) was mostly unsuccessful.
D) was the springboard for the colonization of several other African nations by emigrating black Americans.

Question 22

The cotton boom in the early nineteenth century caused a

A) rapid increase in the number of slaves freed by their masters.
B) strict enforcement of laws against the interstate slave trade.
C) demand for more labor which was met by a renewed growth of slavery.
D) steady increase in support for the colonization movement and in the number of former slaves colonized in Africa.

Question 23

"Jersey negroes appear to be particularly adapted to this market…We have the right to calculate on large importations in the future, from the success which hitherto attended the sale." This quote from a Southern newspaper describes the

A) international indentured servant trade.
B) international slave trade.
C) interstate indentured servant trade.
D) interstate slave trade.

Question 24

One advantage which Northern blacks had over Southern blacks was their

A) right to vote in local and national elections.
B) ability to organize movements to protest their treatment.
C) free access to public buildings and facilities.
D) right to testify in court against whites.

Question 25

The natural highway for western commerce and communication in the early nineteenth century was the ________ River.

A) Missouri
B) Ohio
C) Mississippi
D) Tennessee

Question 26

The first modern road in the United States was built in the 1790s to connect Philadelphia and

A) Boston, Massachusetts.
B) Richmond, Virginia.
C) Baltimore, Maryland.
D) Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Question 27

In the 1790s and early 1800s, private companies built roads called

A) byways.
B) thoroughfares.
C) highways.
D) turnpikes.

Question 28

Most early "internal improvements" were built

A) totally by state and local governments.
B) by private businesses, without any financial aid from governments.
C) by private businesses, with substantial aid from governments.
D) by state governments, with substantial aid from the federal government.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the U.S. highway system in the nineteenth century is true?

A) For military purposes, the U.S. government began the task of creating an integrated system of roads across the country.
B) The U.S. government concentrated on building roads in mountainous areas and left the rest to privateers.
C) The U.S. government had no comprehensive highway program in the nineteenth century.
D) The construction of highways was the one subject where sectional rivalries did not surface.

Question 30

In the nineteenth century, Congress

A) built only one major road, the Old National Road.
B) refused to allocate any funds for road building.
C) justified its extensive road-building projects as a military necessity.
D) did not even discuss the possibility of federal funding for roads.

Question 31

American inventor Robert Fulton perfected the first commercially successful

A) power loom.
B) spinning jenny.
C) steamboat.
D) cotton gin.

Question 32

A major improvement in the transportation network in the 1820s and 1830s was the construction of

A) turnpikes.
B) railroads.
C) flatboats.
D) canals.

Question 33

The greatest advantage which early canals offered was

A) a direct link between western areas and the eastern seaboard.
B) the low cost of their construction.
C) their use of cheap, efficient steam engines as their means of power.
D) a route by which ocean-going vessels could sail into the back country.

Question 34

The mayor of New York City who organized information and political influence to convince the state legislature to construct the Erie Canal was

A) DeWitt Clinton.
B) Thurlow Weed.
C) Robert Morris.
D) Martin Van Buren.

Question 35

"As an organ of communication between the Hudson, the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, the great lakes of the north and west, and their tributary rivers, [the canal] will create the greatest inland trade ever witnessed. The most fertile and extensive regions of America will avail themselves of its facilities for a market." This was a defense of the

A) Erie Canal.
B) National Canal.
C) Wabash Canal.
D) Delaware and Hudson Canal.

Question 36

Immediately after the Erie Canal was completed, it

A) faced severe competition from a rapidly developing railroad network.
B) was a financial success.
C) became a source of bitter political wrangling in New York.
D) was taken over by the federal government.

Question 37

In 1818 the first regularly scheduled passenger and freight service between New York and England was opened by the

A) Columbia Line.
B) McKay Brothers Company.
C) Black Ball Line.
D) Great Atlantic Shipping Company.

Question 38

The Erie Canal

A) was constructed by a group of New York merchants.
B) was a financial disaster.
C) solidly established New York City's importance in commerce.
D) benefited New England through the feeder canals.

Question 39

Attempts to build canals in ________ often resulted in financial disaster.

A) the South
B) the Tidewater
C) the West
D) New England

Question 40

Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall thought that manufacturing and business should be

A) sharply regulated by the government.
B) free from the ancient doctrine of the "sanctity" of contracts.
C) neither favored nor regulated by the government but simply left to the laws of the marketplace.
D) favored by the government since they promoted order and progress.

Question 41

The Supreme Court's decision in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) upheld the

A) right of a state to take over a private college.
B) principle of the sanctity of contracts.
C) right of a state to tax federal properties within its boundaries.
D) principle of national supremacy over the states.

Question 42

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the National Bank of the United States and also strengthened the implied powers of Congress and aided economic growth when it decided the case of

A) Gibbons v. Ogden.
B) McCulloch v. Maryland.
C) Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge.
D) Dartmouth College v. Woodward.

Question 43

In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court and Justice Marshall

A) exempted the Bank of the United States from taxation by the states.
B) upheld the contract which gave Ogden his monopoly on ferry service.
C) defined commerce in a very broad sense.
D) ruled in favor of the good of the whole community over that of a particular company.

Question 44

The chief contribution of John Marshall to economic development was his

A) rejection of state charters for corporations.
B) strong states' rights philosophy.
C) farsighted defense of consumer rights.
D) broadly national view of economic affairs.

Question 45

The Supreme Court decision that promoted economic development by rejecting the absolute sanctity of contracts when they conflicted with improvements for the good of the whole community was

A) Dartmouth College v. Woodward.
B) Gibbons v. Ogden.
C) the Charles River Bridge case.
D) McCulloch v. Maryland.

Question 46

Gentility in America was defined by what people owned rather than by their ancestry.

Question 47

British manufacturers were in the forefront of the growth of the modern factory system in the late 1700s.

Question 48

Lowell's factories concentrated on mass production of a standardized product.

Question 49

New technological developments in the early nineteenth century moved rapidly and evenly through American society.

Question 50

"Sea-island" cotton flourished throughout the South, but its seeds could not be easily separated from the lint.

Question 51

According to the chart "Cotton Production and Slave Population, 1800-1860," the numbers of slaves and of bales of cotton produced both rose steadily in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Question 52

The colonization movement was totally controlled by whites.

Question 53

White settlers moving west in the early nineteenth century were attracted by the good roads and high standard of living.

Question 54

Turnpikes were the West's answer to the need for cheap and efficient transportation.

Question 55

The development of the steamboat actually retarded the economic maturity of the Northwest.

Question 56

How did a working class develop in the early nineteenth century?

Question 57

Analyze how the economic changes of the early nineteenth century affected slaves' lives.

Question 58

Evaluate the role of the Marshall Court in promoting or retarding the growth of a national economy in the early nineteenth century.