Deck 6: Cognitive Development: 0 to 3

Question 1

In the context of the behaviorist approach to cognitive development, classically conditioned learning becomes extinct if it is not reinforced by repeated association.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the context of the behaviorist approach to cognitive development, operant conditioning enables infants to anticipate an event before it happens by forming associations between stimuli that regularly occur together.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development uses separate scores called intelligence quotients for each scale.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development helps measure sensory and neurological deficits but cannot determine emotional disturbances in infants.

Question 5

Using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), trained observers interview the primary caregiver and rate on a yes-or-no checklist the intellectual stimulation and support observed in a child's home.

Question 6

The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) factors are associated with high intelligence and achievement.

Question 7

According to the Piagetian approach, during the sixth substage of the sensorimotor stage, babies begin to learn how to coordinate input from their senses and organize their activities in relation to their environment.

Question 8

According to Piaget, the journey from reflex behavior to the beginnings of thought is a short one because children make the breakthrough to conceptual thought during the second half of the first year.

Question 9

Liking to look at new things and quickly habituating to them correlates with later signs of cognitive development in babies.

Question 10

Individual differences in efficiency of information processing reflect the speed with which infants form and refer to mental images.

Question 11

Piaget maintained that the understanding of causality develops slowly during the third year of life.

Question 12

In early infancy, when the structures responsible for memory storage are not fully formed, memories are relatively fleeting.

Question 13

The prefrontal cortex develops faster than any other part in the brain as it is believed to control many aspects of cognition.

Question 14

According to learning theory, children learn language through classical conditioning.

Question 15

Crying is a newborn's first means of communication.

Question 16

When infants become familiar with the sounds of words and phrases, they begin to attach meanings to them.

Question 17

By the end of the first year, babies lose their sensitivity to sounds that are not part of the language or languages they usually hear spoken.

Question 18

Symbolic gestures often emerge around the same time as babies say their first words, and they function much like words.

Question 19

Repetitive babbling may emerge with the maturation of parts of the motor cortex, which control movements of the face and larynx.

Question 20

In the context of the approaches to studying cognitive development, the behaviorist approach mainly

A) studies the basic mechanics of learning.
B) seeks to measure intelligence quantitatively.
C) describes the qualitative stages in cognitive functioning.
D) links brain processes with cognitive ones.

Question 21

Lily, a 1-year-old girl, notices that Kirsten, her mother's friend, often visits them. She knows that her mother accompanies Kirsten every time Kirsten leaves the house. Lily always cries when the ladies go out. One day, seeing Kirsten at the door, Lily starts crying. In the context of the behaviorist approach to cognitive development, Lily's behavior most likely exemplifies

A) habituation.
B) operant conditioning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) latent learning.

Question 22

Amy, a 7-year-old girl, knows that whenever she kisses her grandfather on his cheeks, he reaches out and tickles her under her chin. In the context of the behaviorist approach to cognitive development, Amy's behavior most likely illustrates

A) habituation.
B) aversive conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) maturation.

Question 23

Linda, a 2-year-old girl, has learned that if she sits on the floor and cries, sooner or later, an adult will give her a piece of candy. In the context of the behaviorist approach to cognitive development, this is an example of

A) extinction.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) latent learning.

Question 24

Which of the following involves learning based on reinforcement and punishment?

A) mental sets
B) cognitive dissonance
C) information processing
D) operant conditioning

Question 25

Which of the following is a function of the psychometric approach to child development?

A) to determine which brain structures are tied to cognitive functions
B) to discover how children process information from the time they encounter it until they use it
C) to predict future performance, such as school achievement
D) to assess qualitative differences in intellectual functioning over the life span

Question 26

Identify the purpose of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development.

A) It is used to assess the intellectual stimulation and support observed in a child's home.
B) It is useful for early detection of sensory, neurological, and environmental deficits.
C) It is useful for measuring fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
D) It is used to deal with experiences common to various cultures.

Question 27

Which of the following is a developmental area assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?

A) language
B) haptic perception
C) logic
D) emergent literacy

Question 28

Which of the following is true of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) measure?

A) The HOME instrument for infants and toddlers requires 1 day to be administered to the subject.
B) HOME scores are significantly correlated with measures of cognitive development.
C) HOME items cannot assess the environmental deficits a toddler may experience.
D) The HOME instrument avoids the use of a rating on a yes-or-no basis.

Question 29

In the context of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) tests, which of the following statements is true of the factor that influences a child's cognitive development?

A) Parents' involvement in children's play does not have any impact on the cognitive development of the child.
B) Intelligent, well-educated parents are less likely to provide a positive, stimulating home environment.
C) Violation of expectations is a factor that plays a major role in the cognitive development of a child.
D) Parental responsiveness has been consistently associated with kindergarten achievement scores.

Question 30

The most effective early education interventions are those that

A) end during the preschool years.
B) involve the minimum use of time.
C) are tailored to individual needs.
D) are based just in parental training.

Question 31

The ________ to cognitive development focuses on the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of infancy and toddlerhood.

A) psychometric approach
B) Piagetian approach
C) information-processing approach
D) behaviorist approach

Question 32

In the context of the substages of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, which of the following is a characteristic of the first substage?

A) Neonates learn to purposely repeat pleasant actions first achieved by chance.
B) Neonates begin to experiment to see what will happen.
C) Neonates begin to turn toward sounds.
D) Neonates practice their reflexes.

Question 33

Dr. Kelly, a renowned child psychologist, treats children with special needs. She examines how these children think and learn about themselves and their world. She also considers how the children coordinate input from their senses and organize their activities according to their environment. Based on the given information, Dr. Kelly is most likely using the ________ approach.

A) behaviorist
B) Piagetian
C) psychometric
D) social-contextual

Question 34

Identify the focus area of the Piagetian approach to cognitive development in babies.

A) qualitative stages in cognitive functioning
B) the quantity of intelligence a child possesses
C) the basic mechanics of learning
D) environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers

Question 35

Which of the following is true of the Piagetian approach to cognitive development in infants?

A) It focuses on how the mind structures its activities and adapts to the environment.
B) The sensorimotor stage of the Piagetian approach consists of ten substages.
C) The sensorimotor stage of the Piagetian approach ranges from 2 to 5 years.
D) It measures quantitative differences in abilities that comprise intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict these abilities.

Question 36

In the context of the substages of the sensorimotor stage in the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, which of the following statements is true about babies in the second substage?

A) They learn to purposely repeat pleasant actions first achieved by chance.
B) They learn to generalize from past experiences to solve new problems.
C) They vary a behavior to see what might happen.
D) They learn to use symbols, such as gestures and words.

Question 37

In the context of the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, identify a true statement about the second substage.

A) Infants begin to coordinate sensory information.
B) Infants begin to repeat actions that bring interesting results.
C) Infants begin to anticipate events.
D) Infants begin to pretend and start using symbols.

Question 38

Emma, a 4-month-old baby, loves to place her cheek on the windowpane because she likes the sensation of the cool breeze against her face when she touches the window. She repeats this action to get a pleasurable bodily sensation, which she discovered by chance. In the context of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, Emma's behavior most likely illustrates

A) elicited imitation.
B) a circular reaction.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) a symbolic representation.

Question 39

According to Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, a 3-month-old baby who habitually chews on the satin lining of her blanket is most likely experiencing a

A) primary circular reaction.
B) secondary circular reaction.
C) tertiary circular reaction.
D) coordination of secondary schemes.

Question 40

Sandra has learned to squeeze her stuffed bear to make it squeak. When her father gives her a new stuffed toy, she squeezes it the same way she squeezes the bear. In the context of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, Sandra's action is an example of

A) deferred imitation.
B) primary circular reactions.
C) secondary circular reactions.
D) coordination of secondary schemes.

Question 41

Lydia, a 14-month-old baby, likes to play with small pots and pans as they make noise. She enjoys the sound but often gets bored after a short time. She then beats different containers to make different types of sound. In the context of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, Lydia's action is an example of

A) primary circular reactions.
B) secondary circular reactions.
C) tertiary circular reactions.
D) mental combinations.

Question 42

Alyssa is playing in the park with her father. She suddenly hits a ball and realizes that it moves away. She keeps hitting the ball with the intention of moving it to the other side of the park. In the context of the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, Alyssa is most likely in the ________ substage.

A) sixth
B) fifth
C) fourth
D) third

Question 43

Which of the following substages of the sensorimotor stage marks a transition to the preoperational stage of early childhood?

A) tertiary circular reactions
B) primary reflexes
C) primary circular reactions
D) mental combinations

Question 44

Which of the following abilities in the sensorimotor stage frees toddlers from immediate experience?

A) adaptational ability
B) use of causality
C) representational ability
D) use of schemes

Question 45

After returning from his weekly grocery shopping, Emily's father asks her to help him arrange the purchased items. He gives her baskets with pictures of different food items on them. She removes items from the grocery bag one at a time, matches them with the pictures on the baskets, and places them correctly without any help from her father. In the context of the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, Emily is most likely in the ________ substage.

A) sixth
B) fifth
C) fourth
D) third

Question 46

Piaget's observation that infants under the age of about 8 months act as if an object no longer exists once it is out of their line of sight led to his theorizing that

A) toddlers below the age of 2 years have the ability to mentally represent objects and actions.
B) objects have independent existence, characteristics, and locations in space for infants and toddlers.
C) children do not understand the concept of numbers before the age of 2.
D) object permanence is an innate feature of cognition and is present at birth.

Question 47

Laura, a 24-month-old, is extremely fond of a strawberry-shaped box gifted by her grandfather. One day, Laura's brother mischievously hides the box. Unable to see the box, Laura searches for it and finds it hidden under her bed. This scenario best illustrates

A) categorization.
B) symbolic development.
C) object permanence.
D) causality.

Question 48

Filip, a 6-month-old baby, is gifted a colorful ball, and his mother places it in the box meant for toys. For a week, she pulls out the ball from the box, plays with Filip, and places it back in the box. After a week, she takes out the ball from the box, plays with Filip, and then places it in the laundry basket. Assuming that Filip is shown the location of the ball each time it is placed back, the next day during playtime, Filip is most likely to

A) look at the box because he has forgotten that the ball's location has changed.
B) be able to successfully pull out the ball from the laundry basket.
C) look at the laundry basket and try to reach for it.
D) look at the laundry basket.

Question 49

Macy, a 1-year-old, becomes curious and looks around for her father when he hides behind the door in her room. In the context of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, Macy is exhibiting

A) mental combination.
B) object permanence.
C) operant conditioning.
D) habituation.

Question 50

Charlotte, a 1-year-old baby, watches her elder brother brushing his teeth. When her brother puts down the toothbrush, Charlotte picks it up and tries to brush her teeth. In the context of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, Charlotte is exhibiting ________ imitation.

A) elicited
B) deferred
C) invisible
D) visible

Question 51

Unlike psychologists associated with recent findings, Piaget was of the view that

A) deferred imitation begins with mental representations at 8 to 12 months.
B) deferred imitation of complex activities exists as early as 6 months.
C) invisible imitation develops around 9 months.
D) invisible imitation of facial expressions is innate.

Question 52

Andrew, a 22-month-old boy, happens to see his elder brother playing badminton. After several weeks, Andrew takes the racket and starts to imitate his brother. In the context of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, Andrew is most likely exhibiting ________ imitation.

A) deferred
B) visible
C) elicited
D) invisible

Question 53

In the context of the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, which of the following is most likely to be true about the kind of pictorial competence demonstrated by two-year-old babies?

A) Two-year-olds understand that a picture is both an object and a symbol.
B) Two-year-olds begin to demonstrate the representational understanding of screen images.
C) Two-year-olds use their hands to explore pictures as if they were objects.
D) Two-year-olds are able to point at a picture of an object while saying its name.

Question 54

Caden, a 19-month-old boy, tries to put on a shoe that belongs to his younger brother. The shoe is small for his feet, and he starts to cry. In the context of the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, Caden is exhibiting

A) mental combination.
B) visual preference.
C) scale error.
D) habituation.

Question 55

In the context of the Piagetian approach to cognitive development, which of the following is true of the dual representation hypothesis?

A) It explains the ability of researchers to accompany the stage of formal operations and to develop, consider, and test hypotheses.
B) It is difficult for toddlers to simultaneously mentally present both the actual object and the symbolic nature of what it stands for.
C) It explains the ability of children to see situations in a new way, to produce innovations, or to discern previously unidentified problems to find novel solutions.
D) There is a carryover of cognitive gains from work to leisure that explains the positive relationship between activities in the quality of intellectual functioning.

Question 56

Samantha, mother of Luke, a 6-week-old baby, decides to do the dishes. She moves his crib to the kitchen. He lies peacefully in the crib, sucking a pacifier. When she opens the tap, Luke stops sucking and looks in the direction of the running water. After a couple of minutes, he looks away and starts sucking again. In the context of the information-processing approach to cognitive development, this scenario best illustrates

A) habituation.
B) elicited imitation.
C) retrieval.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 57

Amelia, a 6-week-old baby, lies peacefully in a crib, sucking a pacifier. Her elder brother, who was sent to stay with their grandparents at the time of her birth, returns home. He walks toward the crib and calls out her name. She looks at him, stops sucking, and starts to cry. In this scenario, Amelia's reaction toward her brother best illustrates

A) categorization.
B) deferred imitation.
C) dishabituation.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 58

Doris, a young mother, notices that Alex, her infant son, has become bored with the toy hanging above his crib. When she hangs a new toy, Alex's responsiveness increases. In the context of the information-processing approach to cognitive development, this is referred to as

A) deferred imitation.
B) object permanence.
C) habituation.
D) dishabituation.

Question 59

The tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another is called

A) habituation.
B) visible imitation.
C) visual preference.
D) divided attention.

Question 60

Simone delivers a baby boy in a hospital and comes back home after 2 days. After reaching home, she shows her newborn pictures of his grandparents from the family album. She also shows him pictures of different toys that she received as gifts during the baby shower. He looks at the pictures of his grandparents a little longer than the pictures of gifts. This scenario best illustrates

A) object permanence.
B) visual preference.
C) visible imitation.
D) circular reactions.

Question 61

Lucas, a 5-month-old baby, has a blue bowl from which his mother feeds him. When his mother keeps his bowl and a pink bowl next to each other, Lucas stares at the pink bowl more than he stares at the blue bowl. In the context of the information-processing approach, Lucas is exhibiting

A) guided participation.
B) visible imitation.
C) visual recognition memory.
D) primary circular reactions.

Question 62

Which of the following concepts best explains the excitement that is most likely to be reported by 3-year-olds on their first day of preschool?

A) operant conditioning
B) pictorial competence
C) novelty preference
D) guided participation

Question 63

Reyansh and his fellow preschoolers participate in a classroom activity. The preschoolers are blindfolded and asked to touch different objects and guess the object's name. In the context of visual and auditory perceptual and processing abilities, the activity in the scenario best illustrates

A) invisible imitation.
B) code switching.
C) the use of working memory.
D) cross-modal transfer.

Question 64

Which of the following terms is defined as the ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another?

A) elicited imitation
B) cross-modal transfer
C) the dual representation hypothesis
D) guided participation

Question 65

Brittany, a young mother, takes her 10-month-old baby to an animal sanctuary and points at different animals. Her baby follows her gaze and looks in the same direction. In the context of the information-processing approach, which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?

A) cross-modal transfer
B) elicited imitation
C) object permanence
D) joint attention

Question 66

In the context of the information-processing approach, which of the following is true of joint attention?

A) It is of fundamental importance to social interaction, language acquisition, and the understanding of others' intentions and mental states.
B) It develops between 3 and 6 months when babies distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar stimulus.
C) Young children who follow an adult's gaze at 6 months have a smaller vocabulary at 18 months, 2 years, and 2½ years than those who do not.
D) The use of pointing by children to capture the attention of adults around them has no effect on children's language comprehension and production.

Question 67

Addison, a 7-month-old baby, accidentally presses the keys on a piano. Startled by the sound, he moves back and looks at the piano intently. He then moves forward and presses the keys and enjoys pressing them. In the context of the information-processing approach, Addison is beginning to understand

A) habituation.
B) joint attention.
C) imitation.
D) causality.

Question 68

________ is a research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.

A) The still-face paradigm
B) Violation of expectations
C) Visual preference
D) The Strange Situation

Question 69

Baillargeon's studies on babies' understanding found that

A) object permanence occurs in infants as young as 3½ months.
B) infants in the sensorimotor period are unaware of causality.
C) vision is particularly important in the development of joint attention.
D) the more time a baby spends looking at something, the more the baby must like it.

Question 70

Baillargeon and DeVos used the violation-of-expectations method and showed that

A) babies searched for a lost object where they thought it was hidden.
B) babies looked longer at the impossible events.
C) babies looked longer at familiar objects.
D) babies searched for a lost object where they had last seen it.

Question 71

In the context of violation-of-expectations research, Wynn's study using Mickey Mouse dolls indicated that infants

A) are able to assimilate two contradictory results.
B) do not have an innate rudimentary ability to subtract.
C) acquire reasoning abilities very late into their childhood.
D) are able to discriminate between small sets of numbers.

Question 72

The ________ examines the hardware of the central nervous system to identify what brain structures are involved in specific areas of cognition.

A) psychoanalytic approach
B) behaviorist approach
C) cognitive neuroscience approach
D) social-contextual approach

Question 73

In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, ________ refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness.

A) implicit memory
B) declarative knowledge
C) procedural knowledge
D) explicit memory

Question 74

Which of the following statements about memory is likely to be true about Isabelle, a 12-month-old infant?

A) She can understand the principles of reversibility.
B) She has not yet developed the capacity for implicit memory.
C) She has developed the capacity for working memory.
D) She has fully functional brain structures responsible for memory storage.

Question 75

Researchers influenced by ________ study how cultural context affects early social interactions that may promote cognitive competence in infants and toddlers.

A) Piaget's cognitive-stage theory
B) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
C) the cognitive neuroscience approach
D) the information-processing approach

Question 76

Amanda, a middle-aged mother, teaches her son Timothy to tie his shoes. She demonstrates the procedure and then takes her son through the steps until Timothy can perform the task on his own. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, this is an example of

A) coregulation.
B) receptive cooperation.
C) guided participation.
D) reciprocal interaction.

Question 77

In the context of language development, an early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words is called

A) a holophrase.
B) transformational grammar.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) motherese.

Question 78

In the context of the development of language in infants and toddlers, which of the following is true about child-directed speech?

A) It typically uses holophrases exclusively.
B) It essentially involves speaking in a low-pitched voice.
C) It primarily uses gestures and avoids vocalizations in speech.
D) It employs simplified speech and exaggerated vowel sounds.

Question 79

Explain infant development in the context of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.