Question 1

Occupational therapy first got involved in disaster response after what major historical event?&#10;A) Hurricane Katrina&#10;B) Hurricane Sandy&#10;C) Oklahoma City Bombing&#10;D) September 11, 2001

Accepted Answer

Occupational therapy practitioners became particularly interested in disaster response and recovery following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. In 2006, the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) published its first official document on the role of occupational therapy in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery (DPRR). The document was revised (2011) and replaced with the Societal Statement on Disaster Response and Risk Reduction (2017). In the third edition of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, the definition of clients was modified to include persons, groups, and populations (AOTA, 2014). This concept of client better aligns with the role of occupational therapy practitioners in supporting communities, not just individuals, after traumatic events.

Question 2

An example of a natural disaster is a:&#10;A) Nuclear explosion&#10;B) Wildfire&#10;C) Mass shooting&#10;D) Bridge collapse

Accepted Answer

How much influence humankind has had on the number or severity of natural disasters is being debated, but there has been a gradual increase in natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and wildfires in the United States, from 60 recorded events in 1980 to 100 in 2016 (Insurance Information Institute [III], 2019b). Of the 10 most costly hurricanes on record, three occurred in 2017: Harvey, Irma, and Maria (Weather Channel, 2018). Over 90% of wildfires can be attributed to humans. It is predicted that more of the worst type of wildfires with large, destructive blazes will spread secondary to rising temperatures (III, 2018). Warmer temperatures increase the probability of wildfires by causing drier vegetation, more lightning strikes, a longer fire season, and intense winds. In 2017, over 14 million dollars in losses were estimated due to wildfires, heat waves, and drought (III, 2018). Residents of the affected areas may be displaced temporarily or permanently.

Question 3

Which of following disasters may not allow for participating in the first stage of a disaster, disaster planning and preparedness?&#10;A) Tornado&#10;B) Wildfire&#10;C) Hurricane&#10;D) Earthquake

Accepted Answer

Disasters progress through three main stages, and different behavioral and organizational responses are needed for each stage. The first stage, disaster planning and preparedness, has two phases. The first phase, planning, occurs well in advance of a disaster and provides an opportunity for developing disaster response plans. The second phase-preparation, or the immediate pre-impact period-occurs in the hours or days preceding the disaster and provides an opportunity for disaster preparation if time permits-for example, obtaining supplies in anticipation of a hurricane. In some cases, such as a school shooting or an earthquake, there may be no warning, and therefore no ability to prepare.

Question 4

An all-hazards approach seeks to ensure the community has the capacity to address a broad range of emergencies through maintaining certain core functions that will be needed in most disasters, including:

A) Evacuation
B) Technological
C) Disaster recovery
D) Reconstruction of buildings

Accepted Answer

The all-hazards approach focuses on developing the generic capabilities that are critical to prepare for and respond to a full spectrum of emergencies and disasters: natural (e.g., hurricane), technological (e.g., oil spill), and intentional (e.g., terrorist bombing). This approach takes into consideration the population's vulnerability to specific hazards but does not specifically address every possible threat. Rather, an all-hazards approach seeks to ensure the community has the capacity to address a broad range of emergencies through maintaining certain core functions that will be needed in most disasters. These core functions include communication, evacuation, and shelter. Emergency plans need to be sufficiently flexible and scalable to adapt to not only the anticipated risks, but also to the unexpected (Canton, 2013).

Question 5

Which of the following governmental agencies plays a significant role in disaster preparedness, recovery, and response?&#10;A) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&#10;B) President&#10;C) Federal Emergency Management Agency&#10;D) Federal Bureau of Investigation

Accepted Answer

Although almost every federal agency has some role in DPRR, the governmental agencies with the majority of responsibility described here include the following:
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security (USDHS)
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), Office of Preparedness and Response (OPR)
• U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)
• State- and Local-Level Emergency Management Agencies (EMAs)

Question 6

An effective strategy for managing disaster response identified by the National Response Framework is/are:&#10;A) Emergency Support Functions&#10;B) Coordinating agencies&#10;C) Activating federal agencies&#10;D) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Accepted Answer

The National Response Framework (NRF) developed by FEMA outlines principles, roles and responsibilities, and best practices for managing emergencies and disasters, ranging from serious, small-scale local incidents to large-scale disasters. The principles underlying the NRF include: "(1) engaged partnership, (2) tiered response, (3) scalable, flexible, and adaptable operational capabilities, (4) unity of effort through unified command, and (5) readiness to act" (USDHS, 2013, p. 5). The construct of Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) has proven to be an effective strategy for managing disaster-related resources. The ESFs group the coordinating agencies, resources, and capabilities into the functional areas frequently needed in disaster response. Federal ESF agencies and departments may be selectively activated depending on the nature and scope of the disaster. The NRF lists 15 ESFs (see Table 26-1) (USDHS, 2013). ESFs #6 and 8 are of most interest to occupational therapy practitioners.

Question 7

Which of the following aspects of the Emergency Response Functions (ESFs) is most appropriate for occupational therapy?&#10;A) Information and planning&#10;B) Logistics&#10;C) Mass care, emergency assistance, temporary housing, and human services&#10;D) Public safety and security

Accepted Answer

The National Response Framework (NRF) developed by FEMA outlines principles, roles and responsibilities, and best practices for managing emergencies and disasters, ranging from serious, small-scale local incidents to large-scale disasters. The principles underlying the NRF include: "(1) engaged partnership, (2) tiered response, (3) scalable, flexible, and adaptable operational capabilities, (4) unity of effort through unified command, and (5) readiness to act" (USDHS, 2013, p. 5). The construct of Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) has proven to be an effective strategy for managing disaster-related resources. The ESFs group the coordinating agencies, resources, and capabilities into the functional areas frequently needed in disaster response. Federal ESF agencies and departments may be selectively activated depending on the nature and scope of the disaster. The NRF lists 15 ESFs (see Table 26-1) (USDHS, 2013). ESFs #6 and 8 are of most interest to occupational therapy practitioners.

Question 8

Occupational therapy personnel are most likely interested in participating in which aspect of FEMA response?&#10;A) Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTs)&#10;B) National Incident Management System (NIMS)&#10;C) Humane Society of the United States&#10;D) Situation reports (SITREPs)

Accepted Answer

FEMA has two initiatives that are of particular interest to occupational therapy practitioners: Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) and the Emergency Management Institute. CERTs train volunteers to prepare for and respond safely and effectively to the specific types of disasters their communities are likely to experience. There are over 2,700 local CERT programs across the country. Occupational therapy personnel are eligible to participate in CERTs. The CERT training includes the following topics:
• Disaster preparedness,
• Fire suppression,
• Medical operations,
• Light search-and-rescue operations,
• Psychology and team organization, and
• Course review and disaster simulation.

Question 9

Under which agency have occupational therapists been deployed to provide disaster support in a facility for older adults with special needs?&#10;A) Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTs)&#10;B) National Incident Management System (NIMS)&#10;C) U.S. Public Health Service&#10;D) Situation reports (SITREPs)

Accepted Answer

The USPHS workforce, including occupational therapists, can be mobilized and deployed during disasters or other public health emergencies. USPHS occupational therapists have served on disaster mental health teams under the auspices of FEMA and the American Red Cross (ARC) during a number of natural disasters, including Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and other hurricanes in Florida. For example, occupational therapists were deployed to a very large emergency shelter for older adults with special needs in Florida, and to a National Guard unit in Mississippi to assist "first responders, caregivers, and service providers, many of whom had witnessed trauma or were victims of loss themselves" (Oakley, Caswell, & Parks, 2008, p. 363).

Question 10

Which of the following is a community-based organization that assists with disaster response?&#10;A) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&#10;B) Salvation Army&#10;C) Federal Emergency Management Agency&#10;D) Department of Health and Human Services

Accepted Answer

Although there are hundreds of community-based organizations that respond to disasters, the most active and visible in emergency situations are the ARC and the Salvation Army (SA). Other lesser-known non-profit organizations described here include:
• National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster
• International Critical Incident Stress Foundation
• Humane Society of the United States

Question 11

In a disaster, occupational engagement is not just disrupted for individuals and families but also for the:&#10;A) Government&#10;B) Community&#10;C) Federal Emergency Management Agency&#10;D) Financial institutions

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a disaster, occupational engagement is not...

Question 12

Sara is a 38-year-old woman whose home was lost in a wildfire 2 months ago. She reports feeling anxiety and is not sleeping well due to frightening dreams. She is most likely experiencing:&#10;A) Depression&#10;B) Sleep deprivation&#10;C) Grief&#10;D) Posttraumatic stress disorder

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sara is a 38-year-old woman whose home...

Question 13

A protective factor against the development of mental health problems post-disaster is:&#10;A) Occupational therapy&#10;B) Higher education&#10;C) Social support&#10;D) Financial support

Accepted Answer

The answer of A protective factor against the development of...

Question 14

Psychological first aid (PFA) is designed to reduce the initial distress experienced with trauma and to facilitate positive adaptive functioning in the short and long term. An essential element of PFA is:

A) Instilling hope
B) Facilitating peer support
C) Encouraging collaboration
D) Providing psychotherapy

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychological first aid (PFA) is designed to...

Question 15

After losing their farm to a flood, Mr. and Mrs. Gregory report feeling their relationship has improved and they have more excitement for the next phase of life. Mr. and Mrs. Gregory are experiencing the post-disaster phenomena of:

A) Hope
B) Peer support
C) Collaboration
D) Posttraumatic growth

Accepted Answer

The answer of After losing their farm to a flood,...

Question 16

An evidence-based model for addressing community and population mental health needs in disaster recovery is the:&#10;A) Model of Human Occupation&#10;B) Recovery Model&#10;C) PEO Model&#10;D) Transtheoretical Model

Accepted Answer

The answer of An evidence-based model for addressing community and...

Question 17

Which subset of older adults is especially vulnerable during a disaster?&#10;A) Baby boomers&#10;B) Homebound individuals&#10;C) Those 70 and above&#10;D) Older adults are not a vulnerable group during a disaster

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which subset of older adults is especially...

Question 18

Which group of people is vulnerable during a disaster but is not included in the FEMA definition of special-needs populations?&#10;A) Older adults&#10;B) Children&#10;C) Individuals with cognitive disabilities&#10;D) Disaster relief workers

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which group of people is vulnerable during...

Question 19

One setting where occupational therapists can help with disaster planning for children with special needs is:&#10;A) Schools&#10;B) Hospitals&#10;C) Universities&#10;D) Skilled nursing facilities

Accepted Answer

The answer of One setting where occupational therapists can help...

Question 20

Occupational therapy practitioners are especially qualified to provide disaster response services for which population?&#10;A) Older adults&#10;B) Children&#10;C) People with special needs&#10;D) Disaster relief workers

Accepted Answer

The answer of Occupational therapy practitioners are especially qualified to...

Question 21

An important routine for children as part of disaster recovery is:&#10;A) Bedtime&#10;B) School&#10;C) ADLs&#10;D) Religious participation

Accepted Answer

The answer of An important routine for children as part...

Deck 26: Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Introduction