Deck 2: Immunology: Basic Principles and Applications in the Blood Bank

Question 1

What immunoglobulin class is capable of crossing the placenta?

A) IgM
B) IgA
C) IgE
D) IgG

Answer 1

D
Only IgG can cross the placenta as a result of IgG receptor binding sites on placental cells.

Question 2

What portion of the antibody molecule binds to receptors on macrophages and assists in the removal of antibody bound to red cells?

A) Fab fragment
B) Hinge region
C) Fc fragment
D) J chain

Answer 2

C
The Fc portion of the antibody binds to the macrophage,which then carries the antigen-antibody complex to the spleen for removal.

Question 3

Which of the following will cause an antigen to elicit a greater immune response?

A) Small antigen size
B) Composed largely of carbohydrates
C) Size greater than 10,000 daltons
D) Similarity to the host

Answer 3

C
Antigens will elicit a better immune response if they are larger than 10,000 daltons,are foreign to the host,and are made of proteins.

Question 4

Select the cell involved in humoral immunity.

A) Neutrophils
B) T lymphocytes
C) B lymphocytes
D) Monocytes

Question 5

In a serologic test,the term prozone is also known as:

A) equivalence.
B) antigen excess.
C) antibody excess.
D) serum-to-cell ratio.

Question 6

An antigen that originates from the individual is termed:

A) autologous.
B) allogeneic.
C) hapten.
D) immunogen.

Question 7

After adding antigen and antibody to a test tube,one large agglutinate was observed.How should this reaction be graded?

A) 2+
B) 3+
C) 4+
D) 0

Question 8

Select the immunoglobulin class produced first in the primary immune response.

A) IgG
B) IgE
C) IgA
D) IgM

Question 9

Select the substance that regulates the activity of other cells by binding to specific receptors.

A) Cytokines
B) Complement
C) Immunoglobulins
D) Anaphylatoxin

Question 10

Select the region of the antibody molecule responsible for imparting unique antibody specificity.

A) Variable region
B) Constant region
C) Hinge region
D) Fc fragment

Question 11

What is the potential effect in a tube agglutination test if a red cell suspension with a concentration greater than 5% is used?

A) False negatives
B) False positives
C) Hemolysis
D) No effect

Question 12

Select the portion of the antibody molecule that imparts the antibody's unique class function.

A) Constant region of the heavy chain
B) Constant region of the light chain
C) Variable region of the heavy chain
D) Variable region of the light chain

Question 13

What biological molecules are considered the most immunogenic?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Enzymes

Question 14

What process is described by opsonization?

A) Lysis of cells
B) Binding to cells or antigens
C) Ingestion of cells
D) Phagocytosis

Question 15

What immunoglobulin class reacts best at room temperature at immediate-spin?

A) IgM
B) IgA
C) IgE
D) IgG

Question 16

What part of the immunoglobulin molecule distinguishes the isotype?

A) Light chain
B) Heavy chain
C) Kappa chain
D) Lambda chain

Question 17

Select the term that describes cells or tissue from a genetically different individual within the same species.

A) Allogeneic
B) Autologous
C) Xenogeneic
D) Autograft

Question 18

An antibody identified in the transfusion service appeared to be reacting stronger following the second exposure to an antigen from a transfusion.The most likely explanation of this observation is:

A) affinity maturation of the immunoglobulin molecule.
B) anamnestic response.
C) isotype switching.
D) All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is responsible for the activation of the classic pathway of complement?

A) Bacteria
B) Foreign proteins
C) Virus
D) Antibody bound to antigen

Question 20

Extravascular destruction of blood cells occurs in the:

A) blood vessels.
B) lymph nodes.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.

Question 21

When testing for the A antigen in a patient,what would you use to perform the test?

A) Patient's plasma and commercial A red cells
B) Commercial A cells and anti-A
C) Patient's red cells and anti-A
D) None of the above

Question 22

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
a.Kappa
b.Epitope
c.Hinge region
d.Isotype
e.Idiotype
Part of the antigen that the immunoglobulin binds to

Question 23

Which immunoglobulin class is impacted by the zeta potential in a hemagglutination test?

A) IgM
B) IgG
C) IgA
D) IgE

Question 24

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
a.IgA
b.IgM
c.IgG
d.IgE
Associated with allergic reactions and mast cell activation

Question 25

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
a.IgA
b.IgM
c.IgG
d.IgE
Has the highest number of antigen binding sites

Question 26

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
a.IgA
b.IgM
c.IgG
d.IgE
Associated with immediate-spin in vitro reactions

Question 27

Hemolysis was observed at room temperature when testing a patient's serum with reagent red cells used for screening.When this test was repeated using the patient's plasma,no hemolysis was observed.What was the most likely explanation for the different reactions?

A) The plasma sample was collected incorrectly.
B) The serum sample was contaminated.
C) Complement activation was inhibited by calcium in the plasma sample.
D) The serum sample was fresher.

Question 28

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
a.IgA
b.IgM
c.IgG
d.IgE
Has the highest serum concentration

Question 29

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
a.IgA
b.IgM
c.IgG
d.IgE
Efficient in activation of the complement cascade

Question 30

A technologist added 4 drops of a 5% red cell suspension instead of the required 1 drop to a hemagglutination test.What is the potential consequence to the test results?

A) False-positive
B) False-negative
C) Hemolysis due to complement activation
D) Test results are not affected

Question 31

Which of the following requires adjustment in order to enhance the reaction of an antibody in vitro?

A) Temperature above 37° C
B) Speed of the centrifuge above the calibrated settings
C) Increase the concentration of red cells in the test system
D) Increase the incubation time in the incubator

Question 32

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
a.Kappa
b.Epitope
c.Hinge region
d.Isotype
e.Idiotype
Variable region of an immunoglobulin

Question 33

Which of the following components in the complement cascade mediates the lysis of the target cells?

A) C1qrs
B) C4a, C3a, and C5a
C) C5 to C9
D) C3a and C3b

Question 34

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
a.IgA
b.IgM
c.IgG
d.IgE
Found in secretions,such as breast milk

Question 35

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
a.Kappa
b.Epitope
c.Hinge region
d.Isotype
e.Idiotype
One of the two types of light chains

Question 36

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
a.IgA
b.IgM
c.IgG
d.IgE
Associated with intravascular cell destruction

Question 37

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
a.Kappa
b.Epitope
c.Hinge region
d.Isotype
e.Idiotype
The type of immunoglobulins determined by the heavy chain

Question 38

MATCHING
Select the immunoglobulin class from the list below that best fits the characteristic described.Each class can be used more than once.
a.IgA
b.IgM
c.IgG
d.IgE
Able to cross the placenta

Question 39

Select the term from the list below that best fits the definitions.
a.Kappa
b.Epitope
c.Hinge region
d.Isotype
e.Idiotype
Imparts flexibility to the immunoglobulin molecule