Deck 4: Understanding Exercise Behavior II

Question 1

For one of the four physical activity domains, develop an intervention in your community that addresses all levels of the social ecological framework shown in Exhibit 4.1. Briefly:
a. Describe the target audience and target physical activity domain of your intervention
b. Describe how the different levels of the framework apply to your target audience
c. Discuss the strengths and limitations of using this social ecological approach for designing your intervention

Answer 1

No Answer.

Question 2

When examining the relationship between social support and physical activity, researchers can conceptualize and measure social support as the size of the social network and/or the amount and type of support received.
a. How is the size of the social network measured?
b. List and briefly describe the four main types of social support. How is the amount of each type of support typically measured?
c. Compare and contrast the quantitative and qualitative research evidence with regard to the relationship between physical activity and social support

Answer 2

No Answer.

Question 3

Socially supportive leadership styles have been associated with positive outcomes in exercise settings. List three characteristics of a socially supportive leadership style and briefly discuss four positive outcomes associated with this type of leadership style.

Answer 3

No Answer.

Question 4

When physical education teachers display transformational leadership behaviors, their students report positive outcomes.
a. Define "transformational leadership" in your own words.
b. List and briefly discuss the four related behaviors of this leadership style.
c. Provide an example of how a physical education teacher can display each of the four transformational leadership behaviors in the classroom.
d. List two positive outcomes that students report when transformational leadership behaviors are used in a physical education classroom.

Question 5

Identify and describe the impact of two characteristics of exercise groups that can influence members' exercise-related thoughts, feelings, and behavior. How can these characteristics be manipulated to improve outcomes in exercise settings?

Question 6

What is a meta-analysis? Why are meta-analyses useful within the field of exercise psychology? What is one caveat to using meta-analyses?

Question 7

In general, physical activity researchers have used three different types of methods to measure features of the built environment. Briefly define each of these methods and discuss their relative strengths and weaknesses.

Question 8

Compare and contrast the information that has been gleaned from correlational studies versus quasi-experimental studies of the relationship between aspects of the built environment and physical activity. What conclusions can you draw from this body of research? What are the limitations of this research?

Question 9

What are three broad categories of policies that have been found effective for increasing physical activity?
a. Briefly describe each of these types of policies.
b. Choose one of the three policy types and explain how you would use this type of policy to increase physical activity in your community.

Question 10

Correlates are factors that are known to cause changes in physical activity.

Question 11

Social ecological models of health are predicated on the idea that….

A) Individuals bearing responsibility for engaging in healthful behavior
B) There are multiple levels of influence on health behavior
C) It is important to consider environmental influences on behavior
D) All of the above

Question 12

According to the social ecological model, which of the following factors can influence physical activity participation?

A) Regulations pertaining to transportation and land use
B) Individuals' attitudes towards physical activity
C) The presence of amenities in parks
D) All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is true about social influence?

A) It is real or imagined pressure to change one's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs
B) It is the perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and information that one receives from others
C) It is the number of social relationships one has
D) All of the above

Question 14

The number of significant others who exercise with an individual can be considered a measure of which of the following aspects of social support?

A) Informational support
B) Social network size
C) Instrumental support
D) All of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is a source of informational support?

A) Advice from health care providers
B) Advice from exercising co-workers
C) Articles in a print magazine or online
D) All of the above

Question 16

When people display behavioral reactance, how are they behaving?

A) In a direction opposite to the direction being advocated
B) In the direction being advocated
C) In response to a conditioned stimuli
D) In a direction opposite to their level of self-efficacy

Question 17

A series of studies manipulated leadership style in exercise classes. These studies showed that, when compared to participants who did not experience a socially supportive leadership style, participants who did experience a socially supportive leadership style reported which of the following?

A) Greater exercise self-efficacy
B) Greater post-exercise fatigue
C) Greater energy and enthusiasm
D) A and C

Question 18

Group cohesion in exercise classes

A) Is influenced by social facilitation
B) Is a function of both individual attractions to the instructor and group integration
C) Is positively correlated with exercise adherence
D) All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is a behavior exhibited by leaders using a transformational leadership style?

A) Idealized actions
B) Intellectual influence
C) Inspirational motivation
D) Individualized challenge

Question 20

What is the purpose of meta-analysis?

A) To estimate the effect of a treatment on an outcome by combining the results of individual studies.
B) To test the quality of individual studies when they are combined with other studies.
C) To determine if a variable is a correlate or determinant of physical activity.
D) None of the above.

Question 21

Which of the following is a measure of people's perceptions of the built environment?

A) Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes.
B) The number of fast food restaurants in their neighbourhood.
C) Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale.
D) Exercise barriers self-efficacy scale.

Question 22

What factors can influence people's perceptions of the walkability of their neighborhood?

A) Their desires, past experiences and preferences
B) The presence of aesthetic and destination features
C) Neighborhood crime rates
D) All of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is true about Geographical Information Systems (GIS)?

A) Google Scholar is an example of a GIS.
B) GIS can provide information on the functional and destination features of a neighborhood.
C) GIS can provide information on the amount of litter in a park.
D) An advantage of GIS is that it is easy to keep GIS information up to date.

Question 24

Which statement is TRUE?

A) A small set of environmental factors reliably correlate with different types of physical activity and for both children and adults.
B) A large set of environmental factors reliably correlate with different types of physical activity and for both children and adults.
C) Different small sets of environmental factors reliably correlate with different types of physical activity.
D) A large set of environmental factors correlate with children and adults' physical activity.

Question 25

Which of the following factors are related to adults' transportation-related physical activity?

A) Aesthetics
B) Transportation environment
C) Neighborhood design
D) Safety

Question 26

Which of the following factors are related to children's recreational physical activity?

A) Aesthetics, transportation environment, access and proximity to recreational facilities
B) Safety, transportation environment, access and proximity to recreational facilities
C) Neighborhood design, aesthetics, transportation environment
D) Safety, neighborhood design, access and proximity to recreational facilities

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of a quasi-experimental study?

A) A study that tests whether the number of parks in a neighborhood is correlated with children's physical activity levels.
B) A meta-analysis that combines the results of studies measuring the correlation between children's physical activity levels and the number of parks in their neighborhood.
C) A study that compares changes in children's physical activity levels from before, to after a new park is built in their neighborhood.
D) None of the above.

Question 28

Evaluation of the Safe Routes to School (SR2S) projects…

A) is an example of a correlational study of the relationship between the environment and physical activity.
B) showed that children who passed a SR2S project were more likely to increase their walking and biking activity than children who did not pass a SR2S project.
C) showed that children significantly increased their walking and biking activity from before to after the project was completed.
D) showed that modifications to the number of destination features can increase children's physical activity.

Question 29

Research on the role of policies in influencing physical activity

A) Has been conducted in low, middle, and high-income countries worldwide.
B) Mostly consists of experimental studies.
C) Has shown that changes to transportation and urban planning policies can influence opportunities for physical activity.
D) All of the above.

Question 30

Which of the following policy changes can help increase physical education class participation and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity?

A) Development of new PE classes that appeal to a broader number of students
B) Increase the number of PE classes each week.
C) Ensure PE teachers are properly trained to implement PE classes.
D) All of the above.

Question 31

In the United States, civil rights legislation has been used to

A) address inequities in the distribution of recreation facilities in high versus low socioeconomic status communities
B) encourage people to travel by bicycle instead of car
C) reduce racial/ethnic disparities in physical activity
D) All of the above

Question 32

Which types of policies are known to be beneficial for increasing physical activity?

A) policies that make active transit safer
B) policies that promote mixed land-use
C) policies that give greater access to existing recreational facilities
D) all of the above