Question 1

Deprivation of food ____ overall activity level and ____ the vigor of an instrumental response.&#10;A) increases; increases&#10;B) increases; decreases&#10;C) decreases; increases&#10;D) decreases; decreases

Accepted Answer

Deprivation of food typically increases overall activity level and increases the vigor of an instrumental response as the organism is motivated to seek food.

Question 2

Deprivation of food ____ the effectiveness of shock in suppressing behavior.&#10;A) increases&#10;B) decreases&#10;C) can increase or decrease&#10;D) has no effect on

Accepted Answer

decreases&#10;

Question 3

Delaying positive reinforcement ____ its effectiveness; delaying negative reinforcement ____
Its effectiveness.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

decreases; decreases

Accepted Answer

Delaying both positive and negative reinforcement decreases their effectiveness because the association between the behavior and the consequence becomes weaker over time.

Question 4

Increasing the intensity of positive reinforcement ____ the frequency of behavior; increasing
The intensity of positive punishment ____ the frequency of behavior.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

Accepted Answer

Increasing the intensity of positive reinforcement ____ the frequency of behavior; increasing
The intensity of positive punishment ____ the frequency of behavior.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

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Question 5

In comparison to continuous reinforcement, intermittent reinforcement ____ resistance to the
Extinction process.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) can increase or decrease
D) has no effect on

Accepted Answer

Intermittent reinforcement increases resistance to extinction compared to continuous reinforcement because the behavior becomes less predictable and more resistant to stopping after the reinforcement ends.

Question 6

Prior exposure to intermittent punishment ____ the effectiveness of subsequent continuous punishment.&#10;A) increases&#10;B) decreases&#10;C) can increase or decrease&#10;D) has no effect on

Accepted Answer

Prior exposure to intermittent punishment can lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of subsequent continuous punishment because the subject may become accustomed to the inconsistency and thus less responsive to continuous punishment.

Question 7

In Seligman's learned helplessness research, prior exposure to ____ events resulted in less adaptive responding to ____ events.&#10;A) contingent; contingent&#10;B) contingent; non-contingent&#10;C) non-contingent; contingent&#10;D) non-contingent; non-contingent

Accepted Answer

Seligman's research on learned helplessness demonstrated that prior exposure to non-contingent (uncontrollable) events led to a decrease in the ability to adapt to new, contingent (controllable) situations because the subjects learned to believe that their actions had no effect on outcomes.

Question 8

Solomon and Wynne demonstrated that a very intense shock resulted in&#10;A) freezing.&#10;B) a low rate of avoidance.&#10;C) a very high rate of avoidance.&#10;D) the usual amount of avoidance.

Accepted Answer

Solomon and Wynne's experiment showed that a very intense shock led to a very high rate of avoidance as subjects learned to avoid the shock by responding to a warning signal.

Question 9

The two factors in two-factor theory are&#10;A) classical and instrumental conditioning.&#10;B) positive and negative reinforcement.&#10;C) avoidance and escape.&#10;D) generalization and discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Two-factor theory, proposed by Mowrer, combines both classical (Pavlovian) and instrumental (operant) conditioning to explain a range of behaviors, especially avoidance learning.

Question 10

Bower, Starr, and Lazarowitz demonstrated that the role of offset of the warning stimulus is to
Provide

A) primary reinforcement.
B) secondary reinforcement.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) feedback.

Accepted Answer

The role of the offset of the warning stimulus, as demonstrated by Bower, Starr, and Lazarowitz, is to provide feedback. This feedback mechanism helps in signaling the cessation of a potentially threatening or undesirable situation, thereby aiding in learning and adaptation processes.

Question 11

Continuous reinforcement with large magnitude rewards results in ____ extinction than continuous reinforcement with small magnitude rewards; intermittent reinforcement with large
Magnitude rewards results in ____ extinction than intermittent reinforcement with large magnitude rewards.

A) faster; faster
B) faster; slower
C) slower; faster
D) slower; slower

Accepted Answer

The answer of Continuous reinforcement with large magnitude rewards results...

Question 12

Prior exposure to shocks of increasing intensity ____ the effectiveness of subsequent
Punishment with an intense shock.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) can increase or decrease
D) has no effect on

Accepted Answer

The answer of Prior exposure to shocks of increasing intensity...

Deck 7: Control Learning: Basic Variables and Theoretical Issues