Deck 9: Encoding

Question 1

Bob just looked at the license plate of the car that ran a red light; Bob intends to call the police and report this incident. However, since he does not have any paper to write down the license plate information, he simply repeats the plate number over and over until he gets home. This type of processing is consistent with:

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) picture memory
C) pronuncability
D) maintenance rehearsal

Answer 1

maintenance rehearsal

Question 2

Joe remembers the name of his new college professor making an association between the professor's name and her face. This type of processing is consistent with:

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) picture memory
C) pronuncability
D) maintenance rehearsal

Answer 2

elaborative rehearsal

Question 3

All types of information rehearsal have the same impact on the memory encoding process.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Michelle has just finished the first pass through her notes for her upcoming History exam, and is deciding how to continue her studying tomorrow. The testing effect would suggest that Michelle should engage in which of the following to enhance her exam performance?

A) continue studying now, instead of waiting for tomorrow
B) review the material in a manner identical to how she just studied
C) take a practice exam instead of reviewing the material again
D) create images of to-be-remembered information

Question 5

Which of the following is a valid reason as to why elaborative rehearsal tends to be better than maintenance rehearsal?

A) elaboration allows different memories to blend together
B) elaboration decreases interference from associations with other ideas
C) elaboration requires more cognitive effort than maintenance rehearsal
D) none of the above

Question 6

Maintenance rehearsal can be good for memory because:

A) it allows different memories to blend together
B) it can enhance the distinctiveness of a memory trace
C) it requires more cognitive effort than elaborative rehearsal
D) none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following words has the best chance of being recalled?

A) JUSTICE
B) HOUSE
C) HAPPINESS
D) LIFE

Question 8

Which of the following has the best chance of being recalled?

A) an image of a dinner one ate last week
B) the word CAR
C) a description of a pen that you held in your hand
D) all of the above have an equal chance of being recalled

Question 9

Dual-Code theory suggests that pictures can be recalled better than words because:

A) words, but not pictures, can be subjected to false memories
B) pictures are processed visually and verbally
C) words are subjected to high degrees of interference from visual and verbal memories
D) pictures are stored in both short-term and long-term memory

Question 10

Meaningfulness is the result of:

A) poor pronounceability
B) limited associations to other ideas
C) increased potential for image formation
D) all of the above

Question 11

High amounts of domain-specific knowledge can lead to the development of:

A) novice ability
B) expert ability
C) implicit memory
D) procedural memory

Question 12

The testing effect produces the effect it does because:

A) testing is less challenging than continued studying
B) transfer-appropriate processing mechanisms are engaged
C) testing is not connected to studying
D) none of the above

Question 13

Of all of the lectures in his Introductory Economics class, Tom remembers the class about global economics best because the teacher wore all of his clothes backwards and inside-out. The teachers was seemingly trying to encourage:

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) the recency effect
C) the formation of an implicit memory
D) the von Restorff effect

Question 14

One reason why textbooks place critical terms in bold-face is due to the premises of:

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) the recency effect
C) the formation of an implicit memory
D) the von Restorff effect

Question 15

It is only possible to obtain the von Restorff effect using human subjects.

Question 16

The enhanced recall of distinctive items, and the impaired recall of information presented just prior to the distinctive stimuli, is referred to as:

A) the anterograde amnesic effect
B) the retrograde amnesic effect
C) the von Restorff effect
D) the recency effect

Question 17

The occurrence of distinctive stimuli impairing the recall of information presented after the distinctive items is referred to as:

A) the anterograde amnesic effect
B) the retrograde amnesic effect
C) the von Restorff effect
D) the recency effect

Question 18

At the beginning of yesterday's sociology class, Dr. Smith showed highly graphic pictures of naked men and women to illustrate the different forms that pornography can take. After this 5-minute slide show, Dr. Smith gave a 45-minute lecture of pornography and modern society. However, immediately after the class ended, the students had no memory of the lecture--all they could recall were the sexually explicit photographs shown at the start of class. This impaired memory is illustrative of:

A) the anterograde amnesic effect
B) the retrograde amnesic effect
C) the von Restorff effect
D) the recency effect

Question 19

The spacing effect suggests that:

A) massed practice is better than distributed practice
B) distributed practice is better than massed practice
C) massed and distributed practice are equal in their utility
D) none of the above

Question 20

At the start of his 90-minute lecture on child development, Professor Mentyl shows his class a 10 minute home video of his own young children playing with their pet dog. When students later take an exam on this lecture, Professor Mentyl finds that the students didn't remember the details of the critical child development theories that were the focus of the above lecture. This effect has come to be known as

A) the spacing effect
B) the seductive detail effect
C) the generation effect
D) verbal overshadowing

Question 21

Which of the following is not an explanation for the spacing effect?

A) encoding variability
B) retrograde amnesia
C) attention deficit
D) anterograde amnesia

Question 22

One should not study information in a massed manner on more than one occasion because the second session may interfere with the processing of the first session. This statement is consistent with which explanation of the spacing effect?

A) encoding variability
B) retrograde amnesia
C) attention deficit
D) anterograde amnesia

Question 23

Mary finished studying for her physics exam at 10 pm last night. Upon returning to the library to continue studying this morning, Mary found it difficult to focus on the task at hand. This is illustrative of which explanation of the spacing effect?

A) encoding variability
B) retrograde amnesia
C) attention deficit
D) anterograde amnesia

Question 24

John is studying for his psychology exam on 4 successive nights, and each night he studies in a different location, at a different time of day, and comes up with different examples of the theories he is trying to learn. This is illustrative of which explanation of the spacing effect?

A) encoding variability
B) retrograde amnesia
C) attention deficit
D) anterograde amnesia

Question 25

Kate is forced to cram all of her studying for her calculus final exam into one 8-hour session the night before the test. In order for Kate to have the best chance of doing well on the exam, when should her exam begin during the day following her all-nighter?

A) 9 am
B) 1 pm
C) 4 pm
D) 7 pm

Question 26

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to produce the best retention of studied material, according to the optimal spacing theory?

A) spacing 2 study periods 1 day apart from each other, followed by a test 3 days later
B) spacing 2 study periods 1 day apart from each other, followed by a test 4 days later
C) spacing 2 study periods 2 days apart from each other, followed by a test 10 days later
D) spacing 2 study periods 4 days apart from each other, followed by a test 5 days later

Question 27

The generation effect gets its name from:

A) comparing performances on a memory test between groups from older and younger generations
B) forcing an experimenter to generate stimuli that a subject must attend to
C) forcing a subject to generate their own stimuli in a memory experiment
D) none of the

Question 28

An experimenter presents a subject with the words CAR and CLOUD. If this was an experiment studying the generation effect, the subject's task would involve:

A) repeating the words CAR and CLOUD over and over
B) counting the number of letters in the words CAR and CLOUD
C) Using the letters in the words CAR and CLOUD to form a new word
D) none of the above

Question 29

Which of the following tends to have the exact same impact on explicit and implicit abilities?

A) the serial position effect
B) the generation effect
C) depth of processing
D) none of the above

Question 30

Depth of processing_________explicit memory and_________implicit memory.

A) enhances; enhances
B) enhances; inhibits
C) enhances; has no effect on
D) inhibits; has no effect on

Question 31

Professor Davis places a map of Europe on his blackboard, and Bill, a student in the class, encodes the map by reciting, out loud, the names and locations of the different countries on the map. Bill's later inability to recall the spatial elements of the map can be said to be most directly stemming from:

A) the primacy effect
B) the serial position effect
C) the generation effect
D) verbal overshadowing

Question 32

The serial position effect is most likely to be obtained when using:

A) explicit recall instructions
B) implicit recall instructions
C) verbal overshadowing
D) unconscious recognition

Question 33

Scott needs to buy several grocery items for his dinner later tonight, so he makes a list of the items now to prevent him from forgetting the items later. This list-making process is best described as:

A) incidental learning
B) intentional learning
C) implicit learning
D) modality-specific learning

Question 34

Mary tells her research participants to memorize the list of 20 words in front of them, as they will have to recall those words during a later memory test. These instructors are consistent with which experimental procedure?

A) incidental learning
B) intentional learning
C) the generation effect
D) modality specific learning

Question 35

Implicit memory involves recalling information in the absence of a conscious attempt at retrieval. This process can be said to be similar to incidental learning because they both:

A) involve explicit encoding strategies
B) lead to amnesia
C) are insensitive to the von Restorff effect
D) involve unconscious, or indirect, memory processes

Question 36

Non-Contrast reinforcement can have the same effect on people who are committed to improve their memory as it does on learning tasks.

Question 37

Tim is told that his ability to retrieve the correct answers on his history exam will gain him monetary rewards. Specifically, correct multiple-choice answers will earn him 25 cents per answer, while correct short-answer questions will gain him 75 cents per answer. Research on contrast effects suggests that Tim:

A) will not be influenced by the monetary incentives
B) will answer more of the multiple choice questions correctly, in comparison to the short-answer questions
C) will answer more of the short-answer questions correctly, in comparison to the multiple-choice questions
D) none of the above

Question 38

The reinforcements described in question 9.37 are illustrative of:

A) negative reinforcement
B) intrinsic motivation
C) innate arousal
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 39

Research suggests that incentives for memory performance:

A) actually enhance one's general memory ability
B) enhance the behaviors that lead to improved memory
C) have no effect whatsoever on memory
D) are only effective on implicit memory tasks

Question 40

Which of the following does not tend to occur with one having a personal interest in to-be -remembered material?

A) the inducement of intrinsic motivation
B) the inducement of extrinsic motivation
C) heightened attention toward the to-be-learned material
D) none of the above

Question 41

The ability to easily acquire information about a domain that one is personally interested in has been said to be due to:

A) being an expert in that domain
B) physiological arousal
C) incidental learning
D) all of the above

Question 42

The players on the Big State University basketball team have been practicing new plays for their league championship game for the past week, and their coach wants to ensure that the team is properly aroused during the game to remember the plays. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what level of arousal should the coach try to induce to increase the likelihood of optimal retrieval of the new plays?

A) low
B) medium
C) high
D) any of the above--arousal is not linked to memory

Question 43

As a stimulant, caffeine always has which effect on memory ability?

A) enhancing
B) inhibiting
C) neutral
D) none of the above

Question 44

REM sleep tends to
Memory formation.

A) inhibit
B) enhance
C) have no effect on
D) none of the above

Question 45

Joe (who sleeps at night and is awake during the day) is having his digit span tested as part of an employment screening exam. If he wants to maximize his chances of doing well on this exam (which then gives him a good chance of getting the job), he should taken the digit span test at:

A) 10 pm
B) 8 am
C) 3 pm
D) 11 am

Question 46

Which of the following is a problem associated with determining whether or not emotional events are better remembered than neutral events?

A) the mood of the person doing the remembering
B) determining the accuracy of a recalled memory
C) assessing the amount of time that has passed since the memory was encoded
D) all of the above

Question 47

Which of the following biological factors is said to play a role in the emotional aspects of memory?

A) glucose
B) epinephrine
C) amygdala
D) all of the above

Question 48

Emotional events are highly recallable because:

A) they tend to be non-distinctive, inhibiting interference from external factors
B) they allow our attention to wander
C) the bodily arousal occurring with emotions enhances memory formation
D) they involve unconscious, but not conscious, memory processes

Question 49

Flashbulb memories are distinct and highly accurate recordings of important events in people's lives.

Question 50

Research shows that flashbulb memories are recalled at the same rate as everyday memories.

Question 51

The weapon -focus phenomenon is associated with:

A) emotional arousal
B) variable attention
C) eyewitness memory
D) all of the above

Question 52

Which of the following is not true about schemas?

A) they are always accurate
B) they organize knowledge
C) they guide information selection
D) they provide retrieval cues

Question 53

Which group of individuals is likely to demonstrate the best levels of metamemory?

A) infants
B) young children
C) teenagers
D) adults

Question 54

Which of the following is LEAST likely to enhance academic performance?

A) note-taking
B) elaborative interrogation
C) advance organizers
D) analogies

Question 55

The field of neuroethics suggests that enhancing memory ability, via the use of medications, is unethical.