Deck 10: Development

Question 1

The principal structuralist alternative to Rostow's model of economic development is known as

A)the "takeoff" model.
B)the liberal model.
C)the modernization model.
D)dependency theory.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

________________ processes in the commodity chain involve technology,education,research and development,and high wages.

A)Core
B)Value-added
C)Neo-colonial
D)Periphery

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Even if the Gross National Product (GNP)index is used to measure the well-being of a country,it will fail to show

A)growth in secondary industries (manufacturing).
B)the distribution of wealth.
C)growth within tertiary industries (services).
D)growth within primary industries (mining, forestry, agriculture, fishing).

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Theories which hold that economic disparities are built into the global economic system are referred to as

A)structuralist theories.
B)modernization theories.
C)liberal theories.
D)neo-capitalist theories.

Question 5

Which of the following is not associated with core production processes?

A)technology
B)low-wage labor
C)education
D)research and development

Question 6

According to a United Nations assessment in 2014,each of the world regions listed had made progress in reducing undernourishment except:

A)Southeast Asia
B)Caucasus and Central Asia
C)Eastern Asia
D)Western Asia

Question 7

The continuation of economic dependence even after political independence is referred to as

A)precondition to take-off.
B)modernization model.
C)neocolonialism.
D)independence movement.

Question 8

____________ is the only country in East Asia with an old age dependency ration over 30.

A)China
B)South Korea
C)Mongolia
D)Japan

Question 9

___________________measures the total value of goods and services produced by a country's corporations and individuals both inside and outside of the country.

A)Gross National Income
B)Gross Domestic Product
C)Gross National Product
D)per capita GNI

Question 10

Which is not among the five stages of Rostow's development model?

A)traditional
B)take-off
C)high-mass consumption
D)collapse-decline

Question 11

Modern ideas of development are related to

A)the Industrial Revolution.
B)the Agricultural Revolution.
C)gross domestic product.
D)religious views of equity.

Question 12

Which does not make up a portion of Colombia's GNI?

A)professional sports franchises
B)tourism
C)coffee production
D)drug trafficking

Question 13

Which of the following country's efforts to promote education,by providing financial incentive to families to enroll and send their children to school,has had the most success?

A)South Africa's Child Support Grant
B)Rwanda's increased school funding
C)Brazil's Bolsa Familia
D)None of the above

Question 14

Each of the following is included as one of the eight Millennium Development Goals except ____________________:

A)Eradicating hunger
B)Achieving universal primary education
C)Fostering industrial growth
D)Promoting gender equality and empowering women

Question 15

Rostow's model,developed in the early 1960s,was based upon the experience of

A)financial economists.
B)Latin American countries.
C)China.
D)Western modernization.

Question 16

Which of the following has the highest per capita Gross National Income (GNI)?

A)Japan
B)United States
C)Norway
D)India

Question 17

The overall dependency ratio measures:

A)family size
B)percent of the population on welfare
C)the number of younger people plus the number of older people per 100 workers
D)average number of hours of work to feed a family of four

Question 18

Gross domestic product measures only

A)home-based output.
B)the informal economy.
C)the productivity of individuals.
D)production only within a country.

Question 19

High levels of development can be determined by measurement of access to railways,roads,airline connections,telephones,radio and television,etc.These are collectively referred to as

A)infrastructure.
B)dependency measures.
C)formal economy.
D)commodity connections.

Question 20

The word "development" implies

A)progress.
B)colonialism.
C)lowering of wages through mechanization.
D)technology.

Question 21

In peripheral countries it is not unusual for hotels in tourist areas to be owned by

A)worker's cooperatives.
B)local or regional governments.
C)local owner operators.
D)multinational corporations.

Question 22

Young girls trafficked from the periphery to wealthier regions most often work as

A)domestic workers/street vendors.
B)industrial labor.
C)agricultural labor.
D)construction workers.

Question 23

El Salvador abandoned its currency,the Colon,in favor of the U.S.dollar.This process is referred to as

A)re-structuration.
B)re-colonization.
C)international monetizing.
D)dollarization.

Question 24

Countries in which tier of Wallerstein's world-systems model typically have both low levels of HDI and also high younger-person dependency ratios?

A)core
B)island of development
C)semi-periphery
D)periphery

Question 25

Subsistence forms of agriculture in peripheral areas produce little in the way of

A)protein.
B)grain crops.
C)root crops.
D)foodstuffs.

Question 26

The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the United States,with 80% unemployment and per capita income around $6,000,illustrates ______________ within a core area country.

A)cultural choices
B)peripheral processes
C)core processes
D)preconditions for takeoff stage

Question 27

Subsaharan Africa has lost more than 270,000 square miles (700,000 square km)of farmland in the past 50 years due to:

A)Mechanization
B)NAFTA
C)Tourism
D)Desertification

Question 28

Many tourist areas in peripheral regions are beach resorts.In 2004 Thailand's beach resort areas were ravaged by

A)cockroach infestations.
B)a tsunami.
C)prolonged drought.
D)terror attacks.

Question 29

The example of Zimbabwe illustrates which barrier to development?

A)Unchecked industrial growth
B)Corrupt leadership
C)Defaulting on foreign debt
D)Educational access

Question 30

Establishment of government quotas on imports (e.g.cotton shirts or steel)to the U.S.has led to

A)a decrease in Chinese shirt production.
B)an increase in Chinese wages.
C)a collapse of the U.S. market for shirts.
D)a shifting of production from country to country in the periphery and semi-periphery.

Question 31

Wallerstein's three-tier regionalization of the world includes all of the following except

A)core.
B)semi-core.
C)periphery.
D)semi-periphery.

Question 32

Mexico has established export processing zones with special tax,trade and regulatory arrangements for foreign firms.This phenomena is referred to as

A)maquiladoras.
B)haciendas.
C)border cities.
D)NAFTA zones.

Question 33

Theorists have created development models to help countries develop; these models are used as guides by:

A)Governments
B)Nongovernmental organizations
C)International financial institutions
D)All of the above

Question 34

Desertification in Africa is a particular problem as more than ____ of the continent is arid or semiarid.

A)2/3
B)1/2
C)1/3
D)1/4

Question 35

The ___________________of the United Nations are aimed at improving the conditions of the people with the lowest standard of living?

A)Dependency Ratios
B)Modernization Models
C)Millennium Development Goals
D)International Monetary Fund

Question 36

The extreme soil erosion in arid and semiarid areas leading to the expansion of deserts,called desertification,is caused by:

A)overgrazing of livestock
B)climatic fluctuations
C)intensification of agriculture
D)all of the above

Question 37

Economic development in some African states (e.g.Malawi and Zimbabwe)is hampered by

A)drought.
B)religions intolerance.
C)corrupt governments.
D)drop in the price of oil.

Question 38

Argentina's severe economic crisis in 2001 and default on its external debt in 2002 was triggered by:

A)Neoliberal reforms
B)High debt obligation
C)Unchecked government spending
D)All of the above

Question 39

Core area agriculture is characterized by

A)mechanization.
B)high levels of farmer education.
C)scientific agronomy.
D)all of the above

Question 40

_________ have low levels of human development,according to the Human Development Index (2012)?

A)Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mali
B)Argentina and Brazil
C)Japan and South Korea
D)Australia and New Zealand

Question 41

One compensation of being in a peripheral region of the world economy is that goods and services are low cost,thus making education free of cost in most of the region.

Question 42

Gross national product (GNP)measures the value of officially recorded goods and services produced within a country.

Question 43

Port Gentile,Gabon was built by

A)an ancient Gabonese civilization.
B)British colonizers.
C)European oil companies.
D)migrants fleeing the Congo.

Question 44

GNI per capita only measures outputs,so it does not take into account externalities like environmental damage (e.g.,resource depletion,air pollution).

Question 45

Port Gentile is an example of an island of development.

Question 46

What is the major difference between Rostow's and Wallerstein's models of development? Compare and contrast the idea of core processes and peripheral processes with Rostow's notion of progressive stages of economic advancement.

Question 47

Geographers are attracted to the world systems theory because it incorporates space,time and politics that shape the context in which development takes place.

Question 48

Describe the regional inequality in the peripheral regions.Why is this a growing problem?

Question 49

__________ give loans to poor people,preferably women,to encourage development of small businesses.

A)NGOs
B)Microcredit programs
C)Structural adjustment loans
D)Maquiladoras

Question 50

Microcredit programs have been successful in many places with the exception of

A)tropical regions.
B)places with high AIDS mortality rates.
C)areas with male dominance.
D)desert regions.

Question 51

Twenty thousand nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)in Bangladesh constitute what can be called

A)a parallel state.
B)colonial enclaves.
C)development islands.
D)subversive zones.

Question 52

The world economic system works to the disadvantage of the periphery countries.

Question 53

When a government or company builds up and concentrates economic development in a particular city of small region,geographers call that place

A)An economic liability
B)An island of development
C)A nongovernmental organization
D)None of the above

Question 54

In the US,there is no area threatened by desertification.

Question 55

A high percentage of laborers engaged in the production of food staples indicates a low,overall level of development.

Question 56

A look at the maps of Nigeria,Pakistan and Brazil would show that when governments established new post-colonial capitals,they moved away from

A)swamps.
B)deserts.
C)areas of ethnic discord.
D)coastal port areas.

Question 57

Discuss Rostow's stages of modernization model and give examples of countries you believe exemplify each stage.

Question 58

Core-periphery theory can operate at a number of scales.For example,Los Angeles can be described as the core of Southern California)

Question 59

GNI is a limited measure because it only includes transactions in the formal economy.

Question 60

Critics of maquiladoras say that companies build factories in Mexico to avoid U.S.employment and environmental regulations.

Question 61

Discuss several types of barriers to development.What can governments do to remove those barriers?

Question 62

Define Gross National Product.Discuss the world map of per capita GNP and apply Wallerstein's three-tier regionalization (core,semi-periphery,and periphery)to divide the world into three development regions.Give examples of countries in each region.

Question 63

There are extremes of development within all countries.Describe places at each end of the spectrum within a developed county and compare the description with places of extreme wealth and poverty within a peripheral country.In what ways are they similar and in what ways do they differ?