Question 1

Modus tollensis an argument pattern of the form&#8230;&#10;A) If p, then q. q. Therefore, p.&#10;B) If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r.&#10;C) Either p or q. Not p. Therefore, q.&#10;D) If p, then q. Not q. Therefore, not p.

Accepted Answer

Modus tollens is a valid form of argument that follows the pattern: If p, then q. Not q. Therefore, not p. This means that if the first condition leads to a second, and the second condition is found to be false, then the first condition must also be false.

Question 2

The argument form denying the antecedent is&#8230;&#10;A) Strong&#10;B) Valid&#10;C) Invalid&#10;D) False

Accepted Answer

Denying the antecedent is a logical fallacy where one argues that if P implies Q, and P is false, then Q must also be false. This form of argument is invalid because Q could still be true through another premise not mentioned in the argument.

Question 3

The invalid argument form known as affirming the consequent has this pattern:&#10;A) If p, then q. Not p. Therefore, not q.&#10;B) Either p or q. Not p. Therefore, q.&#10;C) If p, then q. p. Therefore, q.&#10;D) If p, then q. q. Therefore, p.

Accepted Answer

Affirming the consequent is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone assumes that because the consequent (q) is true, the antecedent (p) must also be true, which does not logically follow from the initial conditional statement "If p, then q."

Question 4

The argument form &#34;If p, then q. q. Therefore, p&#34; is&#8230;&#10;A) Valid&#10;B) Weak&#10;C) Invalid&#10;D) Modus ponens

Accepted Answer

This argument form is invalid because it commits the logical fallacy known as affirming the consequent. It incorrectly assumes that if the consequence (q) is true, then the premise (p) must also be true, which is not a logically valid inference.

Question 5

A premise with an &#34;if-then&#34; structure is known as a(n)&#8230;&#10;A) Consequent&#10;B) Conditional&#10;C) Syllogism&#10;D) Disjunction

Accepted Answer

A premise with an "if-then" structure is known as a conditional, as it establishes a condition that must be met for the conclusion to follow.

Question 6

An argument with this form-&#34;Either p or q. Not p. Therefore, q&#34;-is known as&#8230;&#10;A) Disjunctive syllogism&#10;B) Hypothetical syllogism&#10;C) Modus tollens&#10;D) Dual syllogism

Accepted Answer

This form of argument is known as a disjunctive syllogism. It involves a choice between two options, where the elimination of one option (not p) leads to the conclusion that the other option (q) must be true.

Question 7

This argument-&#34;If Buffalo is the capital of New York, then Buffalo is in New York. Buffalo is in New York. Therefore, Buffalo is the capital of New York&#34;-is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Denying the antecedent&#10;B) Disjunctive syllogism&#10;C) Affirming the antecedent&#10;D) Affirming the consequent

Accepted Answer

The argument is an example of affirming the consequent, a logical fallacy where one assumes that because the consequent is true, the antecedent must also be true. However, this form of argument does not necessarily hold, as the true capital of New York is Albany, not Buffalo.

Question 8

This argument-&#34;If Einstein invented the steam engine, then he's a great scientist. Einstein did not invent the steam engine. Therefore, he is not a great scientist&#34;-is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Affirming the consequent&#10;B) Affirming the antecedent&#10;C) Denying the antecedent&#10;D) Denying the consequent

Accepted Answer

This argument is an example of denying the antecedent, a logical fallacy. It incorrectly assumes that if the condition (Einstein inventing the steam engine) is not met, the conclusion (he is not a great scientist) must follow, which is a flawed reasoning pattern.

Question 9

The argument pattern known as modus ponens is&#8230;&#10;A) Invalid&#10;B) Strong&#10;C) Valid&#10;D) Weak

Accepted Answer

Modus ponens is a valid argument form that follows the pattern: If P, then Q. P is true, therefore Q is true.

Question 10

The second statement in a conditional premise is known as the&#8230;&#10;A) Hypothetical&#10;B) Conjunct&#10;C) Disjunct&#10;D) Consequent

Accepted Answer

The second statement in a conditional premise is known as the consequent. In a conditional statement of the form "If P, then Q," P is the antecedent, and Q is the consequent.

Question 11

The argument type that aims to show a statement is true by showing that the negation of that statement leads to a falsehood is called&#8230;&#10;A) Modus tollens&#10;B) Disjunctive syllogism&#10;C) Hypothetical syllogism&#10;D) Reductio ad absurdum

Accepted Answer

The answer of The argument type that aims to show...

Question 12

This argument-&#34;Either Mary bought a new car or she bought a used one. She didn't buy a new one. So she bought a new one&#34;-is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Denying the antecedent&#10;B) Disjunctive syllogism&#10;C) Affirming the antecedent&#10;D) Affirming the consequent

Accepted Answer

The answer of This argument-&#34;Either Mary bought a new car...

Question 13

This argument-&#34;If John wrote that poem, then he's a genius. He didn't write the poem. Therefore, he is not a genius&#34;-is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Affirming the antecedent&#10;B) Disjunctive syllogism&#10;C) Denying the antecedent&#10;D) Affirming the consequent

Accepted Answer

The answer of This argument-&#34;If John wrote that poem, then...

Question 14

This argument-&#34;If the problem of global warming is solved, there will be fewer tornadoes. There have been fewer tornadoes, so global warming is solved&#34;-is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Denying the antecedent&#10;B) Disjunctive syllogism&#10;C) Affirming the antecedent&#10;D) Affirming the consequent

Accepted Answer

The answer of This argument-&#34;If the problem of global warming...

Question 15

A simple way to determine if an argument is valid or invalid is to use&#8230;&#10;A) The modus method&#10;B) The counterexample method&#10;C) The accuracy test&#10;D) The affirmation method

Accepted Answer

The answer of A simple way to determine if an...

Question 16

An argument of this form-p. If p, then q. Not q. Therefore not p-is called&#8230;&#10;A) Modus tollens&#10;B) Disjunctive syllogism&#10;C) Affirming the antecedent&#10;D) Reductio ad absurdum

Accepted Answer

The answer of An argument of this form-p. If p,...

Question 17

This argument-&#34;If the Yankees win the World Series, Aaron will be happy. When Aaron is happy, his friend Beth is happy too. Therefore, if the Yankees win the World Series, Beth will be happy.&#34;-is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Hypothetical syllogism&#10;B) Modus tollens&#10;C) Affirming the antecedent&#10;D) Disjunctive syllogism

Accepted Answer

The answer of This argument-&#34;If the Yankees win the World...

Question 18

This argument-&#34;If President Trump cuts taxes, there will be a long-term recession. There will be a long-term recession, so he will cut taxes&#34;-is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Reductio ad absurdum&#10;B) Disjunctive syllogism&#10;C) Affirming the antecedent&#10;D) Affirming the consequent

Accepted Answer

The answer of This argument-&#34;If President Trump cuts taxes, there...

Question 19

An argument of this form-if p, then q. Not q. Therefore, not p-is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Denying the antecedent&#10;B) Disjunctive syllogism&#10;C) Modus tollens&#10;D) Modus ponens

Accepted Answer

The answer of An argument of this form-if p, then...

Question 20

What is the counterexample method and how is it applied to arguments?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the counterexample method and how...

Question 21

What are two major differences between the argument form known as modus tollens and denying the antecedent?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are two major differences between the...

Question 22

Why is it useful to know basic argument forms?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is it useful to know basic...

Question 23

What does it mean for an argument to be valid or invalid? How is the validity of an argument related to the truth of premises?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does it mean for an argument...

Question 24

What is reductio ad absurdum? How is it used to prove that a statement is true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is reductio ad absurdum? How is...

Deck 4: Deductive Argument Patterns