Question 1

When we begin with observations about some members of a group and then generalize about all of them, we use a kind of reasoning known as&#8230;&#10;A) Analogical induction&#10;B) Causal induction&#10;C) Enumerative induction&#10;D) Enumerative deduction

Accepted Answer

This type of reasoning is called enumerative induction, where specific instances or observations about members of a group lead to a general conclusion about the entire group.

Question 2

In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group are called the&#8230;&#10;A) Sample&#10;B) Target group&#10;C) Relevant property&#10;D) Control group

Accepted Answer

In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group are referred to as the "sample." This is because enumerative induction involves generalizing from a sample of observed instances to make conclusions about the entire group.

Question 3

An enumerative inductive argument can fail to be strong because&#8230;&#10;A) The sample is too small or not representative&#10;B) The target group is large&#10;C) The sample has many members&#10;D) The sample is representative of the target group

Accepted Answer

A strong enumerative inductive argument requires a sample that is both sufficiently large and representative of the target group. If the sample is too small or not representative, the argument's strength is compromised because it may not accurately reflect the characteristics or behaviors of the entire target group.

Question 4

When we draw a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size, we make an error known as&#8230;&#10;A) Inductive fault&#10;B) Biased sample&#10;C) Hasty generalization&#10;D) Representative sample

Accepted Answer

Hasty generalization is the error made when a conclusion about a target group is drawn from an inadequate sample size, leading to potentially inaccurate or misleading results.

Question 5

A sample that does not properly represent the target group is called a&#8230;&#10;A) Non-representative sample&#10;B) Biased sample&#10;C) Prejudiced sample&#10;D) Irrelevant sample

Accepted Answer

The answer of A sample that does not properly represent...

Question 6

A self-selecting sample is&#8230;&#10;A) Guaranteed to be representative&#10;B) A good indicator of sample quality&#10;C) Not likely to be biased&#10;D) Not likely to be representative

Accepted Answer

Self-selecting samples often lead to bias because individuals choose themselves to participate, which may not accurately represent the broader population.

Question 7

The probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error is called the&#8230;&#10;A) Median&#10;B) Confidence level&#10;C) Polling bias&#10;D) Mode

Accepted Answer

The confidence level is the probability that the sample accurately represents the target group within the specified margin of error. It reflects how confident we are in the sampling method's ability to produce a result that reflects the true population.

Question 8

A comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects is called a(n)&#8230;&#10;A) Induction&#10;B) Analogy&#10;C) Inference&#10;D) Metaphor

Accepted Answer

An analogy is a comparison between two things that are alike in some way, often used to help explain something or make it easier to understand by comparing it to something familiar.

Question 9

The results of an opinion poll can be skewed by&#8230;&#10;A) Question phrasing&#10;B) The relevant property&#10;C) Agreement and difference&#10;D) Enumerative induction

Accepted Answer

Question phrasing can influence how respondents interpret and answer a question, potentially skewing the results of an opinion poll.

Question 10

This argument-&#34;The Vietnam War was launched by a Democratic president and was unsuccessful. The current war was also launched by a Democratic president, therefore it will be unsuccessful as well.&#34;-is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Analogical induction&#10;B) Inference to the best explanation&#10;C) Hypothetical syllogism&#10;D) Enumerative induction

Accepted Answer

This argument uses analogical induction by comparing two situations based on their similarities (both wars being launched by a Democratic president) and inferring that because one was unsuccessful, the other will be as well. It relies on the analogy between the two wars to make a prediction about the outcome of the current war.

Question 11

A representative sample must resemble the target group in&#8230;&#10;A) All the ways that matter&#10;B) At least two ways&#10;C) Every respect&#10;D) Some respects

Accepted Answer

The answer of A representative sample must resemble the target...

Question 12

&#34;X percent of the observed members of group A have property P. Therefore, X percent of all members of group A probably have property P&#34; is a pattern of reasoning known as&#8230;&#10;A) Analogical induction&#10;B) Inference to the best explanation&#10;C) Hasty generalization&#10;D) Enumerative induction

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#34;X percent of the observed members of...

Question 13

"Thing A has properties P₁, P₂, P₃, plus the property P₄. Thing B has properties P₁, P₂, and P₃. Therefore, thing B probably has property P₄" is a pattern of reasoning known as… A) Analogical induction B) Inference to the best explanation C) Hasty generalization D) Enumerative induction

Accepted Answer

The answer of "Thing A has properties P₁, P₂, P₃,...

Question 14

A factor in opinion polls that prevents the selection of a random sample is&#8230;&#10;A) Double-blind testing&#10;B) Self-selecting sampling&#10;C) Control group testing&#10;D) Random sampling

Accepted Answer

The answer of A factor in opinion polls that prevents...

Question 15

The middle point of a series of values (in which half the values are above the point and half the values are below the point) is known as&#8230;&#10;A) The mean&#10;B) The mode&#10;C) The margin of error&#10;D) The median

Accepted Answer

The answer of The middle point of a series of...

Question 16

Relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, the number of instances compared, and diversity among cases are criteria that can be used to judge the strength of&#8230;&#10;A) Enumerative inductions&#10;B) Opinion polls&#10;C) Arguments by analogy&#10;D) Sample groups

Accepted Answer

The answer of Relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, the number of...

Question 17

The variation between the values derived from a sample and the true values of the whole target group is called the&#8230;&#10;A) Confidence level&#10;B) Median&#10;C) Biased sample&#10;D) Margin of error

Accepted Answer

The answer of The variation between the values derived from...

Question 18

To reason that because two things are similar in several respects, they are likely to be similar in some further respect is to use&#8230;&#10;A) Correlative reasoning&#10;B) Enumerative induction&#10;C) Analogical induction&#10;D) Deductive logic

Accepted Answer

The answer of To reason that because two things are...

Question 19

A strong analogical argument with true premises is&#8230;&#10;A) Valid&#10;B) Cogent&#10;C) Sound&#10;D) Conclusive

Accepted Answer

The answer of A strong analogical argument with true premises...

Question 20

What is the difference between target group, sample members, and relevant property?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between target group,...

Question 21

In what two major ways can an enumerative inductive argument fail to be strong?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In what two major ways can an...

Question 22

What is random sampling? What does it mean to randomly select a sample from the target group?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is random sampling? What does it...

Question 23

What is the difference between a literary analogy and an argument by analogy? What is the purpose of each?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between a literary...

Question 24

What are the criteria for judging the strength of arguments by analogy and how are they applied?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the criteria for judging the...

Deck 5: Inductive Arguments and Statistics