Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

The persistence of learning over time that is represented in the three processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval is called ________.

A) intellect
B) cognition
C) memory
D) perception

Answer 1

C

Question 2

You commit the details of your high school graduation to memory, but later find out that your memory is not fully accurate concerning this event. You seem to remember very positive aspects of that evening that did not, in fact, happen. This is primarily due to the fact that memory is a(n) ________.

A) encoded process
B) flashbulb process
C) constructive process
D) mnemonic process

Answer 2

C

Question 3

With regard to memory, the process of recovering information from storage some later time is known as ________.

A) maintenance
B) encoding
C) retrieval
D) reconstruction

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The notion that memory processes are performed simultaneously rather than in a step-wise sequence is the basis of the ________.

A) parallel distributed processing model
B) levels of processing model
C) information processing model
D) modal model

Question 5

Which researchers are most closely associated with the levels of processing model?

A) Atkinson and Shiffrin
B) Loftus
C) Ebbinghaus
D) Craik and Lockhart

Question 6

The parallel distributed processing (PDP) model of memory is also known as the ________.

A) naturism approach
B) connectionism approach
C) seriation approach
D) interactionism approach

Question 7

Selma can recall what her friend Toni said to her a few seconds ago about going shopping together even though Selma was busy sending an email to her boss. What type of memory is Selma using?

A) distributed memory
B) phonosonic memory
C) eidetic memory
D) echoic memory

Question 8

Lucy glanced at the phone number displayed at her phone while she was talking to a friend but did not recognize it. When she tried later to search for it to find out who was calling her, she found she couldn't remember it. This suggests that the number was only briefly stored in her ________.

A) lingering memory
B) interim memory
C) echoic memory
D) iconic memory

Question 9

Being able to accurately recall a tone for a split second after the tone has stopped demonstrates the functioning of ________.

A) faulty memory
B) overactive memory
C) echoic memory
D) iconic memory

Question 10

Sensory memory is small in its ________ but relatively large in its ________.

A) capacity; duration
B) duration; capacity
C) purpose; capacity
D) purpose; duration

Question 11

Sensory memory for visual stimuli is referred to as ________.

A) echoic memory
B) iconic memory
C) long-term memory
D) constructive memory

Question 12

Which type of memory lasts the shortest period of time?

A) echoic
B) iconic
C) short-term
D) working

Question 13

In the sensory memory experiment conducted by George Sperling, how many letters, on average, were people able to recall out of 12 letters?

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 4
C) 4 to 5
D) 5 to 7

Question 14

In the traditional memory model, the memory system that stores sensory information while judging the importance of that information is called ________.

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) higher-order memory

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of chunking?

A) Anna listens to her mother's grocery list and, in her mind, she groups all the fruits together, then all the vegetables so she can easily remember what to get at the store.
B) Anna listens to her mother's grocery list and then repeats the items aloud over and over again while driving to the store.
C) Anna listens to her mother's grocery list and memorizes each item on the list in order.
D) Anna listens to her mother's grocery list and creates an image in her head of each item, so she can easily remember what to get at the store.

Question 16

Celia wants to remember the name of her roommate's sister who is visiting this weekend, and so Celia repeats the sister's name over and over again. Which method is Celia using?

A) mnemonics
B) a reverberating circuit
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) selective attention

Question 17

The tools used during active processing in short-term memory include ________.

A) selective attention, chunking, and declarative memory
B) chunking, maintenance rehearsal, and encoding
C) consolidation, selective attention, and explicit memory
D) both declarative memory and explicit memory

Question 18

You can extend the duration of short-term memory through ________ and the capacity of short-term memory through ________.

A) maintenance rehearsal; chunking
B) elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
C) chunking; maintenance rehearsal
D) chunking; elaborative rehearsal

Question 19

Football experts looking at a playbook have an advantage over non-experts because the experts tend to use which strategy?

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) chunking
C) constructive processing
D) selective attention

Question 20

The part of the three-stage model that would be used during maintenance rehearsal is ________.

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) explicit memory

Question 21

All of our conscious thinking takes place in ________.

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) iconic memory

Question 22

In which proposed component of working memory are we believed to create and store information like sights, spatial layouts, and pictures?

A) the phonological loop
B) the declarative store
C) the central executive
D) the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 23

Which of these is the part of working memory that coordinates the various other aspects of the system, as well as helping to move information to long term memory storage?

A) central executive
B) phonological loop
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) elaborative link

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

A) remembering that Freud is considered the father of psychology
B) your friend remembering your age on your last birthday
C) memorizing the sports scores from this week's newspaper
D) recalling the first time you went on a date

Question 25

Tomas bought a new red sports car last week; this week, he notices dozens of this same car on the road to work every day. Which of the following terms describes what Tomas is experiencing?

A) priming
B) unconscious coding
C) primary processing
D) declarative memory

Question 26

In which type of long-term memory would you find Little Albert's memory of being classically conditioned to fear a rat?

A) semantic
B) episodic
C) declarative
D) implicit

Question 27

Using which of these to achieve deeper levels of processing enables you to improve long-term memory?

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) episodic processing
C) semantic processing
D) priming

Question 28

Chidi goes to his history class and takes notes long-hand, using a pen and paper. Tahani sits in the same class, but takes her notes using a laptop computer. Chidi is more likely to have success on the upcoming exam because ________.

A) he used dual-coding and Tahani did not
B) he used cognitive recall and Tahani did not
C) he used maintenance rehearsal and Tahani did not
D) he processed the terms at a deeper level than did Tahani

Question 29

Accessing stored memories and bringing them into short-term memory is called ________.

A) encoding
B) fetching
C) retrieval
D) remembering

Question 30

Generally speaking, ________ is easier than ________ in tests of memory.

A) recall; recognition
B) recognition; recall
C) recognition; recitation
D) recitation; recall

Question 31

If no one in the class remembers what part of the brain is involved with vision so the professor provides the first letter to the correct answer, the professor is ________.

A) helping with encoding
B) priming the pump
C) providing a retrieval cue
D) using a flashbulb stimulus

Question 32

If you study in an environment that keeps you relaxed but alert, the encoding specificity principle suggests you will do best when tested if you ________.

A) use cognitive recall techniques
B) use cognitive retrieval techniques
C) study your notes just before the test and don't talk to anyone
D) get adequate rest the night before, and breathe deeply but focus during the test

Question 33

According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, for the best retrieval of information, it would be best to study for your psychology final exam ________.

A) in the same room that the exam is being held
B) in a group
C) while listening to music
D) while lying on your bed relaxed

Question 34

Specific mnemonic strategies compiled from memory research include ________.

A) massed practice, shaping, and priming
B) massed practice, distributed practice, and outlines
C) method of loci, outline organization, and acronyms
D) acronyms, chunking, and didactic memory

Question 35

Stefan is studying and needs to remember the pathway for vision, so he imagines walking into his house, noting the cornea peephole in the door, and a pupil seated in the kitchen hands him a lens as he enters the bedroom where a retinal blanket has pictures of rods and cones. This is an example of ________.

A) acronyms
B) the method of word association
C) the tagging technique
D) the method of loci

Question 36

The name "Roy G. Biv" is one way to remember the colors of the light spectrum. This is an example of ________.

A) an acronym
B) the peg-word system
C) the substitute word system
D) name association

Question 37

Ebbinghaus found that he could remember ________ of a list of nonsense syllables an hour after learning the list perfectly, ________ a day later, and ________ a week later.

A) a small amount; more; even more
B) about half; fewer; even fewer
C) almost all; almost all; hardly any
D) about half; about half; about half

Question 38

According to Ebbinghaus, relearning of information takes ________.

A) more time than initial learning
B) less time than initial learning
C) the same amount of time than initial learning
D) varied times depending on environmental influences

Question 39

The forgetting curve research of Ebbinghaus used which of the following as subjects?

A) his children
B) his students
C) Ebbinghaus himself
D) his siblings

Question 40

Which theory suggests that memories are stored in a physical form, and they can deteriorate over time?

A) moratorium
B) biological forgetting
C) decay
D) cognitive loss

Question 41

When Eric calls his new girlfriend by his old girlfriend's name, this is an example of ________.

A) proactive interference
B) retroactive interference
C) retrograde amnesia
D) anterograde amnesia

Question 42

If you never intended to memorize a piece of music and you forget many of the notes in the song, this is an example of ________.

A) decay
B) encoding failure
C) retroactive forgetting
D) retrieval failure

Question 43

When misleading information distorts our memory of a previous experience after that event occurred, which of the following has occurred?

A) the sleeper effect
B) source amnesia
C) the misinformation effect
D) the serial position effect

Question 44

The fact that we tend to remember the items at the beginning of a list is referred to as ________.

A) the recency effect
B) the primacy effect
C) the misinformation effect
D) encoding failure

Question 45

The fact that we tend to remember the items at the end of a list is referred to as ________.

A) the recency effect
B) the primacy effect
C) the misinformation effect
D) encoding failure

Question 46

Long-term potentiation is a result of ________.

A) repeated stimulation that builds more synapses and receptor sites
B) an increase in the number of vestibular connections with other neurons
C) an increase in emotional arousal
D) focused attention on neural pathways

Question 47

One factor that may lead to long-term potentiation is an increase in ________.

A) the release of hormones
B) the number of vestibular connections with other neurons
C) the release of neurotransmitters
D) electrical activity in a specific area of the brain

Question 48

Both sea slugs learning to withdraw their gills when squirted with water and research with "smart mice" support the concept of ________.

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) adrenaline activation
C) long-term potentiation
D) the reverberating response

Question 49

Stress may exert an influence of memory because of the effects of which of the following on the amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex?

A) epinephrine and cortisol
B) serotonin and dopamine
C) testosterone and estrogens
D) endorphins and enkephalins

Question 50

Research finds that in varying circumstances, hormones ________.

A) increase memory
B) interfere with memory
C) can either increase or interfere with memory
D) are unrelated to memory

Question 51

A flashbulb memory is one in which ________.

A) you have to rely on semantic recall to be able to retrieve details
B) your memory is triggered by a visual cue
C) cognitive cues direct specific recall
D) vivid images are associated with a surprising or strongly emotional event

Question 52

The accuracy of flashbulb memories for specific details is generally ________.

A) very low
B) fairly high
C) almost perfect
D) varied, depending on circumstances

Question 53

Emotional memories are importantly affected by the ________.

A) basal ganglia and cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) cortex

Question 54

Creation and storage of the basic memory trace and implicit memories such as simple classically conditioned responses importantly affected by the ________.

A) basal ganglia and cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) cortex

Question 55

Explicit/declarative long-term memory, implicit/nondeclarative long-term memory, and the sequencing of events are importantly affected by the ________.

A) hippocampal formation
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) cortex

Question 56

Skills such as encoding of explicit memories, storage of episodic and semantic memories, and implicit/nondeclarative retrieval are importantly affected by the ________.

A) basal ganglia and cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) cerebral cortex

Question 57

Working and spatial memory are closely associated with the ________.

A) basal ganglia and cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) cerebral cortex

Question 58

One of the leading causes of memory loss between the ages of 15 and 25 is ________.

A) traumatic brain injury
B) prion disease
C) drug use
D) drug overdose

Question 59

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to ________.

A) form new memories after an injury
B) recall old memories after an injury
C) remember daily living information such as where you live after an injury
D) recall details such as the color of your friend's eyes after an injury

Question 60

Tonya was involved in a car accident and had a traumatic brain injury. She was able to remember the events leading up to the accident in detail, but remembers nothing thereafter, including her trip to the hospital, until she was assessed in trauma. Assuming she never lost consciousness and was interacting with emergency personnel, this is most consistent with ________.

A) retroactive amnesia
B) proactive amnesia
C) anterograde amnesia
D) retrograde amnesia

Question 61

Which type of amnesia is rather rare but typically permanent?

A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) proactive
D) retroactive

Question 62

One of the main effects of Alzheimer's disease is an extreme decrease in ________.

A) memory for procedural tasks
B) implicit/nondeclarative memory
C) explicit/declarative memory
D) simple classically conditioned responses

Question 63

Brain autopsies of patients with Alzheimer's disease typically show unusual ________.

A) plaques and tumors
B) tangles and aneurysms
C) tumors and aneurysms
D) tangles and plaques

Question 64

Similar to the brain filling in missing information from the blind spot, our memories fill in information in our need for ________.

A) understanding
B) self-esteem
C) self-efficacy
D) logic and consistency

Question 65

According to the ________ model of memory, the more attention we pay to a stimulus and the more deeply we consider it, the better we will construct a memory trace and be able to retrieve it at a future point.

Question 66

A process of recycling information in short-term memory to keep it from fading away (or decaying) is called ________ rehearsal.

Question 67

John used to own a Sony television, but recently it quit working. He replaced it with a bigger, and better television made by Panasonic. He knew the Sony remote control so well that he didn't have to look at the buttons when he pushed them, and now he constantly pushes the wrong button because he still uses the Sony remote control memories. This is an example of ________ interference.

Question 68

A form of long-term brain injury that impairs memory as well as other psychological functions is called ________, and it is commonly seen in professional and nonprofessional athletes.

Question 69

Which expert in eyewitness testimony and false memories was deeply affected at the age of 14 years by the drowning death of her own mother?

Question 70

Describe the encoding, storage, and retrieval approach to memory, using a computer analogy.

Question 71

Describe the three storage systems in the traditional model of memory, and explain how the purpose, duration, and capacity of each system differ. Illustrate your answer with an example of how each system contributed to a specific memory from your recent past.

Question 72

Describe the subsystems of long-term memory storage, illustrating each with a personal example.

Question 73

Describe how you can use the principles of organization and rehearsal to improve both short-term and long-term memory; illustrate your answer with examples.

Question 74

Describe the retrieval process, focusing on retrieval cues, recognition, recall, and the encoding specificity principle, illustrating each with a personal example.

Question 75

Summarize how you can use the following concepts to improve your study habits and exam scores: elaborative rehearsal, retrieval cues, and organization.

Question 76

Identify at least two different mnemonic devices and give an example of how each might be used to help you remember what you studied for this psychology exam.

Question 77

Describe each of the following five theories of forgetting, and include examples to illustrate each one: decay theory, interference theory, motivated forgetting, encoding failure, and retrieval failure theory.

Question 78

Describe the factors involved in forgetting (such as the serial position effect, source amnesia, the misinformation effect, the sleeper effect) and give an example of how each can distort the accuracy of our memories.

Question 79

Describe the two major biological causes (e.g., amnesia, Alzheimer's disease) of memory loss. What is the origin of each of these memory problems?

Question 80

Summarize the research and its implications or consequences for eyewitness testimony and repressed memories.