Deck 3: Ethical and Scientific Guidelines for Research

Question 1

Which of the following describes the focus of Milgram's experiments?

A) prison experiment
B) obedience to authority
C) syphilis experiment

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Why were the Nuremberg War Crime Trials a defining event for formal procedures for protection of participants?

A) Nazi's tested their authority during World War II.
B) Information was withheld from participants before, during, and after the experiments.
C) They exposed horrific medical experiments were conducted in the name of "science."
D) The trials showed people were likely to obey formal authority.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Participants of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment were NOT given which of the following?

A) penicillin as treatment
B) insurance for burials
C) free medical exams
D) treatment for ''bad blood''

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the ethical standards for protection of human subjects?

A) justice
B) beneficence
C) respect of persons
D) trust of researcher

Question 5

The following are examples of associations that set standards for treatment of human subjects EXCEPT:

A) Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
B) ethics committees
C) university professors
D) university review boards

Question 6

How did Milgram's experiment differ from Zimbardo's experiment?

A) He had interviews with the participants as the research proceeded.
B) He was committed to achieving valid results.
C) He created an accurate environment of physical conditions and organizational procedures for the experiment.
D) He assessed the obedience of citizens to inflict pain on others.

Question 7

The following are examples of responses of the participants in the Milgram experiment EXCEPT ______.

A) becoming very tense
B) increasing the shocks
C) resisting when shocks entered lethal range
D) leaving the experiment

Question 8

The purpose of Zimbardo's study was ______.

A) to learn how and why a prison-like situation influences behavior
B) to understand the mind of a prisoner
C) to understand the mind of a prison guard

Question 9

For what reason would a research proposal need to go to the Institutional Review Board?

A) if the researcher has never submitted a proposal before
B) if it needs a literature review
C) if it uses secondary data
D) if it involves human subjects

Question 10

Why is the issue of "informed consent" handled differently for research with children?

A) Adults cannot legally provide consent for children to participate in a study.
B) Children can legally provide their own consent to participate in a study.
C) Children cannot legally provide their own consent to participate in a study.
D) Adults consider participation in a study to be important.

Question 11

What kid of parental consent is usually required before a child can be approached about the research?

A) visible
B) active
C) informed
D) analyzed

Question 12

Consent forms in active consent can dramatically reduce participation because ______.

A) consent forms are sent to the wrong participants
B) parents do not know they have to fill out a consent form
C) children do not know how to fill out a consent form
D) many parents simply do not bother to respond to mailed consent forms

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of ACJS code's standards?

A) Research should expose participants to no more than minimal risk of personal harm.
B) Researchers should fully disclose the purposes of their research.
C) Participation in research should be voluntary, and therefore subjects must give their informed consent to participate in the research.
D) Confidentiality is optional depending on the research participant.

Question 14

Confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless ______.

A) it is voluntarily and explicitly waived
B) there is a breach of contract
C) the researcher pays the participant
D) the participant is coerced into waiving confidentiality

Question 15

The purpose of the IRB is to ______.

A) analyze and assess the importance of all forms of research
B) investigate the research done by professors at a university
C) review the ethical issues in all proposed research that is federally funded, involves human subjects, or has any potential for harm to human subjects
D) review and resubmit articles that were sent to publishers

Question 16

Most IRBs require researchers complete CITI training. What does CITI stand for?

A) Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative
B) Collaborative Instructional Training Initiative
C) Convenient Institutional Training Initiative
D) Conventional Institutional Tracking Initiative

Question 17

The scientific concern with validity requires that scientists be ______.

A) open in disclosing their methods and honest in presenting their findings
B) open to accepting all applicants and honest about their results
C) open to all research questions and honest in presenting findings
D) open to using either qualitative or quantitative methods

Question 18

Which of the following most accurately describes the definition of debriefing?

A) a researcher minimizing the amount of harm and proposing to IRB
B) a researcher giving a subject a consent form prior to the start of the experiment
C) a researcher explaining to subjects what happened in the experiment and why and responds to their questions

Question 19

Which of the follow best describes deception?

A) when subjects are told why the research was performed and what happened to them during the experiment
B) when subjects are misled about research procedures to determine how they would react to the treatment if they were not research subjects
C) when researchers ask for consent before conducting an experiment
D) when subjects tell researchers they are no longer willing to participate in an experiment

Question 20

Why is deception a critical component of many social psychology experiments?

A) because researchers use monetary incentives to get participants to respond accordingly
B) because of the difficulty of simulating real-world stresses and dilemmas in a laboratory setting
C) because participants are easily persuaded by outside factors
D) because it is difficult to keep the control group separate from the experimental group

Question 21

The obedience to authority experiment involved ______.

A) withholding appropriate medication
B) treating persons as autonomous agents
C) role playing a prison with guards and prisoners
D) inflicting pain on students for answering incorrectly

Question 22

The participants in the Tuskegee experiment were ______.

A) African American men
B) African American women
C) African American children

Question 23

Who issued an official apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?

A) President George H. W. Bush
B) President Bill Clinton
C) President Richard Nixon
D) George W. Bush

Question 24

What is one of the implications of obedience for Milgram's study?

A) people's welfare
B) trust in others
C) respect

Question 25

Which of the following describes a controversy surrounding Milgram's research on obedience?

A) withheld treatment
B) horrific medical experiments
C) participant protections

Question 26

The Nuremburg War Crime Trials were significant for participant protection because ______.

A) they tested for the natural course of syphilis
B) they exposed horrific medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors
C) they demonstrated power dynamics between prisoners and guards

Question 27

The ______ is based on the principles of the Belmont Report.

A) Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
B) American Society of Criminology
C) Institutional Review Board
D) Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects

Question 28

The ______ established three basic ethical principles for protection of human subjects.

A) Belmont Report
B) Milgram Study
C) Nuremberg War Crime Trials
D) Zimbardo experiment

Question 29

Which of the following describes beneficence best?

A) minimizing possible harms and maximizing benefits
B) distributing benefits and risks of research fairly
C) treating persons as autonomous agents
D) protecting persons with diminished autonomy

Question 30

______ regulations require that every institution that seeks funding for biomedical or behavioral research on human subjects have an IRB.

A) Federal
B) State
C) University

Question 31

Most IRBs require researchers ______ training about human subjects.

A) IRB
B) CITI
C) social science
D) federal

Question 32

IRBs are required to have at least ______ members to promote adequate review of ethical issues.

A) three
B) six
C) five
D) four

Question 33

Which of the following best describes passive consent?

A) Parental consent is usually required before the child can be approached directly about research.
B) Parents/guardians give a signed consent form.
C) Students can participate as long as their parents do not return a form indicating lack of consent.
D) Students cannot participate unless they sign a consent form.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a form of consent needed for children to participate in research?

A) active
B) guided
C) passive

Question 35

All of the following are things research cannot effect (for prisoners) EXCEPT ______.

A) treatment
B) parole decision
C) cell mate

Question 36

What safeguard do universities have in place to protect human subjects from harm and ensure researchers are upholding ethical standards?

A) ACJS Code of Ethics
B) Institutional Review Board
C) Common Rule

Question 37

The following are members of an institutional review board EXCEPT ______.

A) someone from outside the institution
B) a non-scientist
C) a student

Question 38

The following are human subjects that require special protection EXCEPT ______.

A) college students
B) children
C) intellectually disabled
D) prisoners

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a reason why the IRB is important?

A) protects human subjects
B) upholds ethical standards
C) ensures methods are appropriate
D) creates a research design

Question 40

An official apology was given by President Bill Clinton with regard to the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment.

Question 41

Milgram's experiment indicated citizen's disobey authority when it comes to inflicting pain.

Question 42

Milgram's experiment was stimulated by the German Nazi regime of the 1930s and 1940s.

Question 43

The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects requires every institution seeking federal funding for biomedical or behavioral research on human subject have an institutional review board.

Question 44

The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects is also known as the Common Law.

Question 45

The definition for beneficence is minimizing possible harms and maximizing benefits.

Question 46

Treating persons as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy is one of the three basic ethical principles.

Question 47

The justice principle states benefits and risks can be distributed at the researchers discretion.

Question 48

Most IRBs require researchers have to complete a training program about human subjects.

Question 49

The Code of Ethics by Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences establishes procedures for investigating and resolving complaints concerning the ethical conduct of organization's members.

Question 50

The Institutional Review Board is required by federal law.

Question 51

Protections are the same for all segments of the population.

Question 52

In active consent, parents or guardians do not have to sign consent forms.

Question 53

Research on prisoners requires special protections.

Question 54

Research should expose participants to no risk of personal harm.

Question 55

Disclosing the purpose of the research is optional.

Question 56

Milgram provided little information in his debriefing to participants in most of his experiments.

Question 57

An official apology was never released for the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment.

Question 58

The IRB reviews research proposals using secondary data.

Question 59

The IRB is used to make sure researchers abide by ethical guidelines.

Question 60

Describe one reason why children are considered a special population and one reason why prisoners are considered a special population.

Question 61

List three of the ACJS code's standards concerning the treatment of human subjects.

Question 62

The IRB has power of authority over many research proposals and projects. Explain two of these.

Question 63

List what is necessary for a research proposal to be submitted to IRB.

Question 64

How are incentives judged differently for prisoners in comparison to the general population?

Question 65

List three types of research that allows for researchers to request either a Privacy Certificate, or a Certificate of Confidentiality.

Question 66

Describe who ways researchers in the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment could have been more ethical.

Question 67

Using the three ethical principles put forth in the Belmont Report, describe how the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment was unethical.

Question 68

Briefly explain the importance of the Institutional Review Board.

Question 69

Identify two research projects that helped to motivate the establishment of protections for human subjects. Describe what each was and explain why it led to the need for protections.

Question 70

Explain, in detail, why the Institutional Review Board is important

Question 71

List the four ethical principles in research and describe the importance of each.

Question 72

Briefly describe the design of the Milgram experiment and explain two ways in which he could have changed his experiment to be more ethical