Deck 4: Selected Factors Related to Motor Development

Question 1

The cephalocaudal aspect of developmental direction refers specifically to the frequently observed gradual progression in increased control from:

A) Toe to head
B) Midline to hands
C) Head to toe
D) Hands to midline
E) Inside to outside

Answer 1

C

Question 2

"Proximodistal" is to _____________, as "cephalocaudal" is to ______________.

A) Center to periphery; head to tail
B) Head to tail; center to periphery
C) Near to far; bottom to top
D) Tail to head; head to tail
E) Top to bottom; near to far

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Infants may have control over the musculature of their head and neck while they have poor motor control over their legs and feet. This demonstrates:

A) Proximodistal development
B) Cephalocaudal development
C) Top-to-bottom development
D) Superior-inferior development
E) Reciprocal interweaving

Answer 3

B

Question 4

As infants grow older they gain control of the musculature from the center of their bodies to the most distant parts. But older individuals often lose control of the musculature of finger grasping before losing control of their trunk musculature. This is an example of the reverse process of:

A) Reciprocal interweaving
B) Readiness
C) Proximodistal development
D) Differentiation
E) Cephalocaudal developmental

Question 5

The motor milestones of positioning the head from right to left while prone, sitting with support, sitting independently, and standing are examples of which law of developmental direction?

A) Readiness
B) Proximodistal development
C) Differentiation
D) Cephalocaudal developmental
E) Development from center to periphery

Question 6

As an individual goes into the later years of life the cephalocaudal law of developmental direction will reverse, with the individual losing control from the feet to the head. Changes in walking gait are an example of this.

Question 7

Growth retardation is most pronounced for:

A) Low-birth-weight infants under 3 pounds
B) Young-for-date infants
C) Low-birth-weight infants under 5 pounds
D) Any low-birth-weight infant
E) Babies under 19 inches in length at birth

Question 8

Coordinated and progressive intricate combining of neural mechanisms of opposing muscle systems into an increasing mature relationship is known as:

A) Reciprocal progression
B) Experience
C) Skill acquisition
D) Development
E) Reciprocal interweaving

Question 9

What is the effect on children of severe and prolonged restricted opportunities for movement?

A) There is no observable effect.
B) Acceleration in movement development
C) Deceleration in movement development
D) No movement development occurs
E) Only rudimentary movement development can occur.

Question 10

The extent to which the child can catch up from motor deprivation will depend on:

A) Duration of deprivation
B) Severity of deprivation
C) Age of child
D) Type of intervention supports available to help child
E) All of these are true.

Question 11

The self-regulatory process of growth will not compensate for relatively minor deviations in the rate of growth.

Question 12

"Reciprocal interweaving" is a term that refers to:

A) The fine and almost extinct art of weaving reciprocals
B) The neural integration of sensory and motor mechanisms
C) Direction of motor control
D) Sequence of motor control
E) Direction of motor control and sequence of motor control

Question 13

"Differentiation" is a process:

A) Of reciprocal interweaving of sensory and motor mechanisms
B) Of gradual acquisition of motor control of movement patterns
C) Dependent upon environmental factors
D) Readily influenced by stimulation and/or deprivation
E) That is highly individualized

Question 14

"Differentiation" can be described by which of the following terms?

A) Gross motor
B) Fine motor
C) Basic motor
D) Advanced motor
E) Manipulative motor

Question 15

When toddlers color in pictures they seldom stay within the lines. As the child gets older, the ability to color improves. This process of having little control, to gaining control over implements is due to:

A) Gross motor control
B) Sensory-motor integration
C) Sensory-motor interweaving
D) Sensory-motor differentiation
E) Emotional readiness

Question 16

Older adults frequently encounter progressively greater difficulty reacting quickly to a visual or auditory stimulus. This is due to the fact that _____________ tends to be reversible with aging.

A) Sensory-motor differentiation
B) Sensory-motor integration
C) Reciprocal interweaving
D) Vision and hearing
E) All of these are correct.

Question 17

Differentiation and integration tend to be reversible with aging.

Question 18

Developmentally appropriate education is based on the principle of:

A) Developmental direction
B) Critical periods
C) Ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny
D) Accommodating individual differences
E) Cephalocaudal development

Question 19

"Critical" and "sensitive" learning periods can be defined as:

A) Periods when children are sensitive about learning
B) Periods when children are critical about learning
C) Children are sensitive to learning certain things at certain ages.
D) Children learn only at sensitive times in their life.
E) There are no such things as critical or sensitive learning periods.

Question 20

The concept of "critical periods" is not closely linked to milestones or phase-stage views of human development, but rather to the theory of:

A) Relativity
B) Evolution
C) Imprinting
D) Bonding
E) Development

Question 21

Which of these is defined as the convergence of the task requirements, the biology of the individual, and the environmental conditions that make mastery of a particular skill appropriate?

A) Integration
B) Differentiation
C) Readiness
D) Sensitive periods
E) Reciprocal interweaving

Question 22

The principle of readiness in reference to the confluence of cognitive, affective, and physical receptiveness to learning was first proposed by:

A) E. L. Thorndike
B) Arnold Gesell
C) Ruth Glassow
D) A. E. Newman
E) Myrtle McGraw

Question 23

From a readiness standpoint, the burden of "readiness" to learn a skill is primarily on the child, not the instructor.

Question 24

"Sensitive periods" are:

A) Broad periods of time
B) Narrow periods of time
C) Time periods that can change
D) Nonexistent
E) Arbitrary time periods

Question 25

The timetable for an individual's development is influenced by:

A) Heredity and experience
B) Environment and experience
C) Development and environment
D) Motivation and environment
E) Heredity and environment

Question 26

All of the following may have a negative impact on development if they occur early in life rather than at a later age, except:

A) Inadequate nutrition
B) Prolonged stress
C) Inconsistent nurturing
D) Lack of appropriate learning experiences
E) Lack of inhibition of reflexes

Question 27

Current views of the critical period hypothesis support the notion that one must develop movement skills in a highly specific time frame.

Question 28

"Ontogenetic skills" depend primarily upon:

A) Instruction
B) Experience
C) Environment
D) All of these are correct.
E) Experience and environment

Question 29

Even though the sequence of appearance of developmental characteristics is ____________, the rate of appearance may be ___________.

A) Predictable, variable
B) Variable, predictable
C) Known, unknown
D) Chronological, variable
E) Unpredictable, variable

Question 30

Phylogenetic skills are:

A) Not present in humans
B) Ontogenetic and resistant to external stimuli
C) Ontogenetic and easily modifiable to the environment
D) Species specific and resistant to external stimuli
E) Species specific and easily modifiable to the environment

Question 31

Baseball is an example of an ontogenetic skill.

Question 32

"Phylogenetic skills" are to ______________, as "ontogenetic skills" are to _________.

A) Swimming; skating
B) Swimming; bicycling
C) Walking; bicycling
D) Walking; jumping
E) Walking; running

Question 33

An example of what is considered by many to be a "phylogenetic skill" is:

A) Swimming
B) Bicycle riding
C) Basketball dribbling
D) Running
E) Ice skating

Question 34

When assessing the infant's ability to reach, grasp, release objects, or walk, professionals are focusing on the infant's:

A) Gross motor skills
B) Ontogenetic skills
C) Individual differences
D) Fine motor skills
E) Phylogenetic skills

Question 35

"Phylogeny" is to "ontogeny" as:

A) Mother is to father
B) Heredity is to environment
C) Differentiation is to integration
D) Cephalocaudal is to proximodistal
E) Physiology is to ornithology

Question 36

There is substantial scientific support for Gesell's notion that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny."

Question 37

Strong emotional attachments, or "bonds," can endure over:

A) Hardship
B) Talent
C) Social standing
D) Attractiveness
E) All of these are correct.

Question 38

___________ as a term used in the study of human development, refers to parent-infant attachment:

A) Stimulation
B) Bonding
C) Heredity
D) Readiness
E) Differentiation

Question 39

Death of family member, accidents, and severe or prolonged diseases are more detrimental to a child's development than early maternal bonding.

Question 40

"Imprinting" is to "bonding" as:

A) Imprinting is to critical period
B) Critical period is to sensitive period
C) Cuddlers are to noncuddlers
D) Cuddlers are to bonding
E) Sensitive period is to critical period

Question 41

With regard to the relative merits of "nature vs. nurture," the current thinking among most developmentalists is to:

A) Not consider the impact of "nature"
B) Not consider the impact of "nurture"
C) Respect both points of view
D) Disregard both points of view
E) There has been no substantive debate concerning the relative merits of nature or nurture.

Question 42

Bonding is a strong emotional attachment that endures over:

A) Time
B) Distance
C) Hardship
D) Desirability
E) All of these are correct.

Question 43

It is not possible for an adopted child to bond with her or his parents as the child does not typically experience the opportunity to be held by the parent during the first moments of life.

Question 44

During infancy, the process of motor development:

A) Is highly susceptible to alteration due to environmental deprivation
B) Is highly susceptible to alteration due to environmental stimulation
C) Is easily alterable in terms of the sequential acquisition of rudimentary movement abilities
D) Is little influenced in terms of the rate of acquisition of rudimentary movement abilities
E) Is difficult to alter in terms of sequence of acquisition but may be significantly altered in terms of rate of acquisition

Question 45

The twin studies conducted done by Myrtle McGraw (1935,1939) concluded that:

A) The trained twin exhibited less confidence than the untrained twin
B) There were no differences found in the twins
C) The trained twin exhibited more confidence than the untrained twin
D) The untrained twin exhibited more confidence than the trained twin
E) The twins were so similar genetically that there was no impact

Question 46

If two groups of children are taught a new skill, but only one group is given ample opportunities to practice the skill, the practice group will tend to:

A) Be better at all sport activities, even those not practiced, when compared to the other group.
B) Exhibit greater confidence and assurance in the skill that was practiced
C) Be able to perform the skill more often
D) Learn the skill quicker
E) Always perform the skill better than the non practicing group

Question 47

All of the following have been found to be causes of motor retardation, except:

A) Lack of bonding
B) Lack of handling
C) General absence of movement opportunity
D) Little change in surroundings
E) All of these are correct.

Question 48

The gross motor development of children who are blind is consistently behind other typically developing children, as such these children are often deprived of modeling of other children and tend to have fewer opportunities to move.

Question 49

Experience seems to have little influence on the sequence of movement ability emergence, but it does influence which of the following?

A) Rate of development
B) Pattern of development
C) Context of development
D) Extent of development
E) All of these are correct.

Question 50

When is the best time for children to practice skills in order to reap the most benefit?

A) When books say they are ready
B) When experts say they are ready
C) When they say they are ready
D) When their peers are practicing
E) When they are developmentally ready

Question 51

It is not possible to conduct experimental studies of stimulation and deprivation in children in current society due to ethical issues.

Question 52

Of the following, which is not associated with prematurity?

A) Hypoactivity
B) Hyperactivity
C) Death
D) Mental retardation
E) Physical retardation

Question 53

Low-birth-weight infants:

A) Are considered to be "at risk"
B) Have experienced intrauterine growth retardation
C) Are 2SD below the birthweight for gestational age
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 54

Young-for-date infants:

A) Are considered to be "at risk"
B) Have experienced intrauterine growth retardation
C) Are 2SD below the birthweight for gestational age
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct

Question 55

Prematurity:

A) Refers to any infant born under 2,000 g (5 pounds)
B) Refers to any preterm baby
C) Is quite rare in North America
D) Is less prevalent than post-maturity
E) Refers to both young-for-date and low birthweight

Question 56

Prematurity is not associated with:

A) Socioeconomic status (SES)
B) Maternal nutrition
C) Drugs
D) Smoking
E) Gender

Question 57

Low-birth-weight infants:

A) Probably will never catch up to their age mates in terms of height and weight
B) Are less likely to catch up to their age mates if below 3 pounds at birth
C) Have a poorly developed immune system
D) Generally suffer from anoxia
E) Have a mortality rate equal to the normal-birth-weight infant

Question 58

"Prematurity" is to _____, as "young-for-date" is to ________.

A) Learning difficulties; hyperactivity
B) Mental retardation; hyperactivity
C) Physical retardation; mental retardation
D) Hyperactivity; mental retardation
E) Hyperactivity; learning difficulties

Question 59

Preterm infants are likely to have all of the following, except:

A) Hearing and visual impairments
B) Learning difficulties
C) Social interaction disadvantages
D) Motor coordination problems
E) Language disadvantages

Question 60

Prematurity is considered to be a major concern as it is often associated with physical and mental deficits, hyperactivity, and infant death.

Question 61

Children who are obese and have not slimmed down by age 14 have about a ______ percent chance of remaining obese as an adult:

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60
E) 70

Question 62

Traditionally, the definition of "obesity" was based on:

A) Body fat percentages
B) Weight when measured underwater
C) The amount of fat measured during an autopsy
D) Percent above expected weight for height, age, and sex
E) Skinfold thickness standards

Question 63

Children who are obese typically have:

A) Earlier skeletal maturation
B) Earlier sexual maturation
C) Rhythmical difficulties with gross motor movements
D) Poorer motor performances than their non-obese peers
E) All of these are correct.

Question 64

Overweight and obesity are associated with higher rates of:

A) Heart disease
B) Diabetes
C) Sleep apnea
D) Stroke
E) All of these are correct.

Question 65

There are no racial disparities in the obesity rates of children.

Question 66

A child raised in a family where both parents are obese has approximately ______ chance of being obese:

A) 10%
B) 40%
C) 70%
D) 100%
E) 0%

Question 67

The highest rates of obesity occur among which racial group?

A) Caucasian Americans
B) Mexican Americans
C) Italian Americans
D) African Americans
E) Asian Americans

Question 68

The following formula is used to calculate BMI:

A) Weight in Kilograms/Height in Meters2
B) Height in Meters/Weight in Kilograms2
C) Weight in Kilograms/Height in Meters
D) Height in Meters/Weight in Kilograms
E) None of these is correct.

Question 69

Obesity increases the risk of all of the following, except:

A) Type 2 diabetes
B) Heart disease
C) Sleep apnea
D) Rheumatoid arthritis
E) Osteoporosis

Question 70

Which of these is the most important variable in addressing childhood obesity?

A) Extreme dieting
B) Extreme physical activity
C) More fruits and vegetables
D) Less sugar-sweetened beverages
E) Regular vigorous physical activity and dietary modification

Question 71

Binge eating disorder occurs in ______ of obese individuals.

A) 10 to 15%
B) Less than 5%
C) 50% or more
D) Less than 10%
E) 5 to 10%

Question 72

Children who are obese are acquiring more "adult-like" diseases like hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes at much greater rates.

Question 73

The primary difference between binge-eating disorder and bulimia is:

A) Normal amounts of food are consumed with bulimia.
B) There is no purging with bulimia.
C) There is no difference.
D) There is no purging with binge-eating disorder.
E) Normal amounts of food are consumed with binge-eating disorder.

Question 74

"Anorexia" is to "bulimia" as:

A) Thinness is to obesity
B) Binging/purging is to aversion to food
C) Aversion to food is to binging/purging
D) Excessive exercise is to sedentary lifestyle
E) Feeling too fat is to feeling too thin

Question 75

Among the several early warning signs of anorexia nervosa are:

A) Social isolation accompanying slimness
B) Obsession with dieting and talk of food
C) Over concern with being overweight
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct

Question 76

A postmenopausal woman who was anorexic as a teenager is less likely to have osteoporosis.

Question 77

Physical fitness can be subdivided into which two components?

A) Health related and mechanical related
B) Mechanical related and performance related
C) Performance related and health related
D) Flexibility and cardiovascular
E) Health related and performance related

Question 78

Muscles that are exercised and overloaded:

A) Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Increase only in the number of muscle fibers
D) Increase in the type of muscle fibers
E) All of these are correct.

Question 79

"Joint flexibility" is to _________, as "coordination" is to __________.

A) Health related; performance related
B) Physical factors; mechanical factors
C) Mechanical factors; performance related
D) Performance related; health related
E) Mechanical factors; physical factors

Question 80

When assessing muscular strength, muscular endurance, aerobic endurance, and joint flexibility, we are testing one's:

A) Level of conditioning
B) Health-related fitness
C) Performance-related fitness
D) Level of physical activity
E) Strength