Deck 17: Reproduction

Question 1

Refer to the figure shown.
The figure shows a classic example of

A) induced ovulation.
B) testicular recrudescence.
C) a follicle-stimulating hormone surge.
D) seasonal ovulation.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Refer to the figure shown.
According to the figure, copulation triggers an increase in

A) luteinizing hormone.
B) follicle-stimulating hormone.
C) progesterone.
D) estrogen.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which is the correct order of events leading to the luteinizing hormone surge?

A) Copulation stimulates sensory neurons in the cervix → a surge of LH stimulates ovulation in the ovaries → GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary cells to secrete LH → neuronal impulses release norepinephrine
B) Copulation stimulates sensory neurons in the cervix → a surge of LH stimulates ovulation in the ovaries → neuronal impulses release norepinephrine → GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary cells to secrete LH
C) Copulation stimulates sensory neurons in the cervix → neuronal impulses release norepinephrine → GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary cells to secrete LH → a surge of LH stimulates ovulation in the ovaries
D) GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary cells to secrete LH → copulation stimulates sensory neurons in the cervix → a surge of LH stimulates ovulation in the ovaries → neuronal impulses release norepinephrine

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When studying the control of the annual cycle of reproduction in an aquatic mammal, which of the following questions would be considered mechanistic?

A) Why did this particular annual cycle of reproduction come to be?
B) What hormones control the annual cycle of reproduction?
C) What other related animals possess this particular annual cycle of reproduction?
D) Is there an advantage to having this particular annual cycle of reproduction?

Question 5

Which aspect of reproduction is not typically studied by physiologists?

A) Control of the annual cycle of reproduction
B) Mechanisms of function of the reproductive cells and organs
C) Sexual selection
D) Delivery of resources to offspring by parents

Question 6

In temperate climates, temperature often _______ photoperiod timing in the coordination of reproductive events.

A) magnifies
B) blunts
C) fine tunes
D) supersedes

Question 7

How can global warming desynchronize 2 species with synchronized reproductive cycles?

A) Temperature will accelerate photoperiod cues differently.
B) If one species uses photoperiod cues and the other uses temperature.
C) Global warming typically does not affect reproductive cycles.
D) If one species is a mammal and the other is an amphibian.

Question 8

Refer to the figure shown. The graphs in the figure represent the

A) number of offspring produced in a given season.
B) number of copulating animals in a given season.
C) percentage of the population capable of reproducing.
D) percentage of pregnant females as a function of the season.

Question 9

Refer to the figure shown.
Which conclusion can be drawn from the information in the figure?

A) Populations at high latitudes reproduce during just 1-2 months.
B) High latitude populations breed all year long.
C) Populations at high latitudes show greater fecundity compared to populations at mid-latitudes.
D) Populations at high latitudes reproduce over a period of many months.

Question 10

Which species is semelparous?

A) Human
B) Dogfish shark
C) Octopus
D) Dog

Question 11

Which species is iteroparous?

A) Octopus
B) Mayfly
C) Dogfish shark
D) Sockeye salmon

Question 12

Most mammals are

A) protandrous.
B) semelparous.
C) parthenogenetic.
D) iteroparous.

Question 13

An advantage of semelparous reproduction is

A) an increased chance of young surviving given the large energy investment per individual.
B) the increased number of reproductive events possible.
C) an increased chance of young surviving given the large number of offspring produced.
D) an increased chance of young surviving given the large variability to when young can be produced.

Question 14

Semelparous species typically invest _______ into the production of _______ offpring.

A) an enormous amount of energy; a large number
B) an enormous amount of energy; a small number
C) a comparatively small amount of energy; a large number
D) a comparatively small amount of energy; a small number

Question 15

Which is the best example of postnatal provisioning?

A) Lactation
B) Yolk deposition
C) Nutrient transfer via the placenta
D) Producing eggs that serve as food for young

Question 16

Species that provision large amounts of yolk per egg typically _______ compared to species that provision small amounts of yolk per egg.

A) release more and smaller offspring
B) release fewer and larger offspring
C) release more and larger offspring
D) release fewer and smaller offspring

Question 17

Which of the following is not considered prenatal provisioning?

A) Lactation
B) Yolk deposition
C) Nutrient transfer via the placenta
D) Producing eggs that serve as food for young

Question 18

An important advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization is

A) the species recognition receptor on the egg.
B) species recognition through courtship behaviors.
C) the protected development of young inside the mother.
D) yolk partitioning.

Question 19

In teleost fish, species recognition is determined

A) in the zona pellucida surrounding the egg.
B) by a receptor protein on the egg membrane.
C) through the micropyle.
D) by the Izumo1 protein.

Question 20

Some species of female crabs, queen honey bees, certain bats, sharks, turtles, snakes, and birds all share a common adaptation that permits flexible timing between copulation and fertilization. This is called

A) embryonic diapause.
B) sperm storage.
C) delayed implantation.
D) seasonal estrous.

Question 21

In placental mammals, delayed implantation usually occurs when the

A) embryo is at the blastocyst stage.
B) fertilized egg is at the 4-cell stage.
C) embryo is at the trophoblast stage.
D) embryo is in the middle of the placental stage.

Question 22

Which statement regarding embryonic diapause in the Antarctic fur seal is true?

A) The resumption of development following diapause is under photoperiodic control.
B) Diapause delays implantation for 1‒2 months.
C) Delayed implantation is facultative in this species.
D) The period from copulation to birth is about 165 days.

Question 23

Diapause is important for Antarctic fur seals because

A) it helps control the number of young being produced in a population.
B) it ensures young are born during the warmest time of year.
C) it allows more than one reproductive event to occur per year.
D) it allows only one reproductive event to occur per year.

Question 24

A protandrous animal is

A) an animal that can produce viable offspring without sperm.
B) a sex-changing species that begins as a male.
C) a sex-changing species that begins as a female.
D) a species that has both eggs and sperm simultaneously.

Question 25

In fish species where males control harems of females, the highest reproductive output would be likely in

A) a male.
B) a female.
C) a protogynous individual.
D) a protandrous individual.

Question 26

Which statement regarding human female gametes is true?

A) All primary oocytes are formed during fetal life.
B) Primary oocytes are produced in the ovary as they are needed.
C) During ovulation, as many as four primary oocytes are released from the ovaries.
D) Oocytes complete meiosis and form secondary oocytes just prior to ovulation.

Question 27

Which animal(s) menstruate(s)?

A) Humans only
B) Humans and horses
C) Humans and gorillas
D) Humans, horses, and gorillas

Question 28

The oocyte and its layer of somatic cells together are called a

A) secondary follicle.
B) primordial follicle.
C) granulosa cell.
D) primary follicle.

Question 29

Which statement about the mature (or Graafian) follicle is false?

A) There is an expanded, fluid-filled antrum.
B) It consists of many granulosa cells.
C) A layer of theca cells differentiates.
D) It contains the secondary oocyte.

Question 30

Refer to the figure shown.
What process is occurring at arrow III in the figure?

A) Ovulation
B) Estrous
C) Fertilization
D) Both ovulation and estrous

Question 31

Refer to the figure shown.
What process is occurring at arrow I in the figure?

A) Ovulation
B) Estrous
C) Fertilization
D) Menstruation

Question 32

Refer to the figure shown.
Which of the following hormones would not be surging at the time of arrow III in the figure?

A) Luteinizing hormone
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone

Question 33

Refer to the figure shown.
Which arrow in the figure best corresponds to the time of the most likely success of implantation?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 34

The physiological trigger for the onset of menstruation in humans is caused by

A) ovulation.
B) an increase in estrogen.
C) the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum.
D) degeneration of the corpus luteum, resulting in a lack of progesterone for the support of the endometrium.

Question 35

Sperm are produced in the

A) seminal vesicles.
B) seminiferous tubules.
C) epididymis.
D) vas deferens.

Question 36

The _______ cells support and regulate spermatogenesis.

A) Leydig
B) theca
C) Sertoli
D) granulosa

Question 37

In human males, the scrotum

A) maintains the testes at 35°C, the optimum temperature for viable sperm.
B) provides for the production of all the supporting fluids in semen.
C) maintains the testes at 39°C, the optimum temperature for viable sperm.
D) prevents the testes from entering the body cavity.

Question 38

In an adult, there is a strong correlation between the _______ and both testis size and the rate of sperm production.

A) number of Leydig cells that exist
B) number of Sertoli cells that exist
C) amount of follicle-stimulating hormone produced
D) amount of testosterone produced

Question 39

Refer to the figure shown.
The graph shows _______ during the life span of _______.

A) follicle stimulating hormone secretion and gamete production; humans
B) egg production; human females
C) testosterone secretion and sperm production; human males
D) reproductive capability; human females

Question 40

Which hormone is directly responsible for milk secretion by the alveolar epithelial cells?

A) Oxytocin
B) Prolactin
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone
D) Luteinizing hormone

Question 41

During the birthing process, the release of _______ results in myometrial muscle contractions.

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) oxytocin
D) prolactin

Question 42

Which structure is homologous to the scrotum?

A) Labia minora
B) Clitoris
C) Glans penis
D) Labia majora

Question 43

Refer to the figure shown.
The release of LH and FSH is occurring at what letter in the figure?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 44

Refer to the figure shown.
The hormones produced at location II in the figure are stimulating the _______ to produce _______ at location III.

A) theca cells; androgens
B) theca cells; estrogen
C) granulosa cells; androgens
D) granulosa cells; estrogen

Question 45

Refer to the figure shown.
A hormone released from location _______ stimulates the granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogens using the action of the enzyme at location _______.

A) II; III
B) II; IV
C) III; IV
D) IV; V

Question 46

Which statement regarding estrogen during the follicular phase is true?

A) At high concentrations, estrogen has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus, suppressing luteinizing hormone.
B) At low concentrations, estrogen has a positive feedback effect on the anterior pituitary, increasing FSH and LH secretions.
C) Along with follicle-stimulating hormone, estrogen stimulates the proliferation of granulosa cells.
D) Estrogen initiates the sloughing off of the endometrium.

Question 47

Refer to the figure shown.
Which letter in the figure corresponds to the precursor tissue to the shaft of the penis?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 48

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement regarding the figure is true?

A) This is a diagram of a developing male.
B) The figure shows an indifferent state in development that is identical in males and females.
C) This is a diagram of a developing female.
D) The labioscrotal swelling becomes the clitoris in the female.

Question 49

Refer to the figure shown.
In a sexually indifferent embryo whose gonads will develop into ovaries, which external structure will become the labia majora?

A) Labioscrotal swelling
B) Urethral groove
C) Urethral fold
D) Perineum

Question 50

Which substance is not contained in semen?

A) Sperm
B) Fructose
C) Albumin
D) Prostaglandins

Question 51

For sperm to be capable of fertilizing the oocyte, they must undergo a process of

A) capacitation.
B) competition.
C) fertilization.
D) implantation.

Question 52

The entry of the early embryo into the cellular matrix of the endometrium is called

A) capacitation.
B) competition.
C) fertilization.
D) implantation.

Question 53

Which statement regarding the placenta is true?

A) Maternal blood and embryonic blood mix.
B) The placenta supplies the embryo with O₂ and nutrients from fertilization to parturition.
C) The placenta mainly secretes oxytocin during parturition.
D) The placenta carries out the main functions of the lung for the fetus.

Question 54

The main structure maintaining the production of progesterone before initial implantation is the

A) chorion.
B) corpus luteum.
C) placenta.
D) zygote.

Question 55

Which event occurs during (or just prior to) parturition?

A) Estrogen stimulates myometrial cells to remove gap junctions.
B) Oxytocin stimulates myometrial cells to produce estrogen receptors.
C) Mechanoreceptors in the placenta send action potentials to the hypothalamus.
D) Oxytocin is secreted into the general circulation at an increased rate.

Question 56

Oxytocin, which initiates the birthing process, is produced by the

A) hypothalamus.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) myometrium.
D) fetus.

Question 57

During the birthing process, oxytocin stimulates the myometrial muscle to produce

A) estrogen.
B) prostaglandin.
C) progesterone.
D) chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 58

During the birthing process, a _______ feedback loop maintains high levels of oxytocin, a hormone that stimulates smooth muscle, until _______ occurs.

A) positive; parturition
B) positive; uterine contraction
C) negative; parturition
D) negative; uterine contraction

Question 59

What is the functional significance of induced ovulation? Provide an example.

Question 60

What is the functional significance of embryonic diapause? Provide an example.

Question 61

What is the functional significance of sequential hermaphroditism? Provide an example.

Question 62

Briefly compare and contrast the production of female and male gametes in humans.

Question 63

Explain the functional significance of the scrotum.

Question 64

Describe the role of luteinizing hormone as it leads to ovulation.

Question 65

Describe the positive feedback loop during birth and how this feedback ends.

Question 66

What is the role of the corpus luteum in pregnancy and menstruation?

Question 67

Androgens are classified as "male hormones," yet they are produced in the female mammal. Why are they important in the female mammal?

Question 68

Since the mammalian embryo is in an "undifferentiated state" at 4 weeks of development, how is sex determined?