Question 1

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is best described as taking into consideration a combination of factors, including:&#10;A) intuitive knowledge.&#10;B) patient expectations.&#10;C) mainstream practices.&#10;D) professional experience.

Accepted Answer

Patient values, which are incorporated into evidence-based practice (EBP), include the individual's anxieties and desires, personal expectations, and preferences. EBP emphasizes putting an end to impulsive and unreasoned decision-making based on unfounded intuition or on the mainstream, unquestioned practices. While intuitive knowledge acquired from several years of experience in a specific clinical specialty may arguably constitute evidence, this is questionable. Years of experience alone as evidence may lack the desired substantiation of seminal findings from extensive research.

Question 2

Which question does the advanced nurse practitioner (ANP) ask to evaluate the meaningfulness of an intervention?&#10;A) Is the intervention applicable?&#10;B) Is the intervention practical?&#10;C) Does the intervention produce a favorable experience?&#10;D) Does the intervention achieve the expected outcome?

Accepted Answer

As described by Jordan, Lockwood, Aromataris, and Munn (2016) the FAME
(Feasibility, Appropriateness, Meaningfulness, Effectiveness) scale underpins different healthcare research endeavors as well as providing a structure and framework that guides and directs different types of reviews. Feasibility refers to the practicability and viability of an intervention in a particular context. Appropriateness pertains to whether or not the intervention is applicable to the situation. Meaningfulness requires consideration of the extent to which the intervention produces a favorable experience for an individual or patient group. Effectiveness speaks to the intervention's promotion of achievement of the expected outcomes.

Question 3

The advanced nurse practitioner (ANP) appraises several forms of evidence for credibility. Which information source does the ANP recognize as representing the highest level of evidence?&#10;A) Case reports.&#10;B) Qualitative descriptive studies.&#10;C) Committee reports.&#10;D) Randomized controlled trials.

Accepted Answer

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) rank highest when rating the credibility of research studies. The lower end evidence includes qualitative descriptive studies, case reports, and committee reports.

Question 4

The midwife uses a hierarchical rating system to classify evidence. Which type of evidence does the midwife consider to be least rigorous?&#10;A) Multiple time series.&#10;B) Cohort studies.&#10;C) Uncontrolled experiments.&#10;D) Non-randomized controlled trials.

Accepted Answer

According to Harris et al. (2001), evidence from multiple time series with or without the intervention is included among the least rigorous form of evidence (Level II.3). More rigorous forms of evidence include well-designed controlled trials without randomization (Level II.1), followed by well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies (Level II.2).

Question 5

When conducting critical appraisal of research for possible utilization in clinical practice, which step does the advanced practice nurse (APN) complete first?&#10;A) Perform a literature search.&#10;B) Develop a clinical question.&#10;C) Synthesize the research study data.&#10;D) Assess credibility of the clinical findings.

Accepted Answer

Conducting a critical appraisal of research evidence begins with the development of a clinical question. Next, the appraiser conducts an extensive search of the literature to identify and retrieve research reports relating to the problem/phenomenon of concern. After the methodical selection of unbiased papers, the appraiser should examine each of the reports to assess the credibility, reliability, soundness, and accuracy of the findings from the individual studies. Finally, the process of synthesizing and consolidating the data and findings from the studies allows for confirming and strengthening the researchers' claims about specific evidence relating to the problem.

Question 6

Consideration of the researcher's explanation regarding the testing of the data collection instrument represents critical appraisal of which aspect of the research evidence?&#10;A) Methodology.&#10;B) Informed consent.&#10;C) Confidentiality.&#10;D) Statistical analysis.

Accepted Answer

When conducting a critical appraisal of research evidence, considerations related to methodology include the clarity of the researcher's explanation regarding testing of the data collection instrument. Appraisal of the method of statistical analysis is relevant to data analysis. Appraisal of ethical considerations includes evaluating matters related to informed consent and confidentiality.

Question 7

When reviewing a published research study, the nurse midwife expects the abstract to contain which information?&#10;A) Data collection instrument.&#10;B) Observational field notes.&#10;C) Letters for ethical approval.&#10;D) Statement of objectives.

Accepted Answer

The abstract of a research study provides concise information about the main objectives/purpose of the research, the methods, results/key findings, and the conclusion. The data collection instrument, observational field notes, and letters for ethical approval are included in the appendices of the paper.

Question 8

Critical appraisal of a research study's conclusions and recommendations includes examination of:&#10;A) relevance of implications for clinical practice.&#10;B) compatibility of figures to research data sets.&#10;C) tabulation of sociodemographic information.&#10;D) narrative presentation of group compositions.

Accepted Answer

Critical appraisal of a research study's conclusions and recommendations includes evaluation of the relevance and practicality of the implications for clinical practice. Critical appraisal of the data presentation includes considerations related to compatibility of figures to data sets, tabulation of sociodemographic information, and narrative presentation of group compositions.

Question 9

To examine the internal validity of a research study, which question does the nurse midwife consider?&#10;A) Was the random sampling of the study participants adequately diverse and truly representative of the identified population?&#10;B) Were the design, methodology and methods sufficiently rigorous and clear-cut to have inhibited extraneous and confounding variables?&#10;C) Could the changes in the outcome of the study be ascribed to alternative reasons or factors that were not explored in the study?&#10;D) Is there clear evidence that the hypothesized observation was actually detected, clearly observed, and measured in the analysis?

Accepted Answer

Evaluation of internal validity includes considering whether or not changes in the study outcome may be linked to reasons or factors that were not discussed in the study. Considerations related to external validity include the sample population's representativeness of the larger population, as well as inhibition of the effects of extraneous variables by way of rigorous design, methodology, and methods. Construct validity refers to the provision of clear evidence that the speculated or hypothesized observation-the key construct-was actually detected, clearly observed, and measured in the analysis.

Question 10

Critical appraisal of a research paper includes evaluating auditability, which refers to:&#10;A) adequacy of documentation of the research process.&#10;B) portrayal of contexts of the data sources.&#10;C) defensibility of the selected research design.&#10;D) protection of the research study participants' anonymity.

Accepted Answer

To evaluate a research paper's auditability, the appraiser considers the adequacy of documentation of the research process. Consideration of the contexts of data sources is relevant to appraisal of the analysis. Appraisal of the design includes considering the research design's defensibility. Protection of the research study participants' anonymity is an aspect of ethical considerations.

Deck 2: Overview of the Key Concepts and Guiding Principles of Ebp As Applied in Sexual and Reproductive Health Care