Deck 18: Behavioral Factors: Access to Clean Water, Health Risks, and Infectious Diseases

Question 1

Access to clean water would represent which type of factor that contributes to the behavior of individuals?

A) Individual factor
B) Genetic factor
C) Socioeconomic and Structural factor
D) Political factor

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Awareness of and knowledge about health risks and ways to prevent health problems would represent which type of factor that contributes to the behavior of individuals?

A) Individual factor
B) Social/Cultural/Group factor
C) Socioeconomic and Structural factor
D) Political factor

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Conditions for spread of an infectious disease would represent which type of factor that contributes to the behavior of individuals?

A) Individual factor
B) Political factor
C) Environmental factor
D) Socioeconomic and Structural factor

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is commonly associated with strong individual, family, and group ties and often invokes values of hospitality, mutual caring, group solidarity, and common goals, as well as social and even political obligations?

A) Food scarcity
B) Food sharing
C) Food rationing
D) Food preparation

Question 5

The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging from the large-scale civic surroundings to the personal places, are referred to as which of the following?

A) Public environment
B) Built environment
C) Physical environment
D) Healthy environment

Question 6

The effects of which epidemic have included a decrease in average life expectancy, significant reduction in household income, decimation of educational system capacity and school attendance, a general decrease in economic production and increase in poverty, and a generation of children without parents?

A) HIV/AIDS
B) Obesity
C) Zika virus
D) Ebola virus

Question 7

The scientific tradition, in which the concept of theory developed, is rooted in which tradition of John Locke and David Hume?

A) Empiricist
B) Determinist
C) Rationalist
D) Phenomenological

Question 8

Which tradition argues that because it is individuals who do the perceiving, and individual perception is necessarily influenced by both biology and one's own life experiences, culture, and history, that perception is never objective, but subjective-therefore, what we know of reality can never extend beyond our experience of it?

A) Empiricist
B) Determinist
C) Rationalist
D) Phenomenological

Question 9

Which of the following is an important part of such behavioral theories as the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Social Cognitive Theory (among others), all of which assume that internal processes, to one degree or another, determine behavior?

A) Behaviorist psychology
B) Cognitive psychology
C) Ecological psychology
D) Humanistic psychology

Question 10

The locus of explanation for natural phenomena shifted from the divine to the secular-to what was viewed as the primacy of reason and worldly evidence-during which period?

A) The Transition
B) The Awakening
C) The Enlightenment
D) The Renaissance

Question 11

Which term, as it is commonly used, derives its meaning from a context of Western philosophy and science-that is, the tradition originating with the Greek philosophers and carried through various forms, largely in Europe and North America?

A) Order
B) Progress
C) Theory
D) Behavior

Question 12

In his many writings, Foucault argued that the which of the following of a particular historical period incorporates a kind of system of rules for how to think about the world (what is true and false, normal or not normal, and so on)?

A) Discourse
B) Theory
C) Order
D) Progress

Question 13

Which of the following is a philosophical tradition asserting that knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical science?

A) Empiricism
B) Positivism
C) Rationalism
D) Determinism

Question 14

Approaches from which area of psychology are currently used as therapy in smoking cessation and other addiction treatments?

A) Behaviorist psychology
B) Cognitive psychology
C) Ecological psychology
D) Humanistic psychology

Question 15

The holistic approach to health (and other) behavior reflected in what is known as the ecological model is an example of the influence of which of the following on public health theory and practice?

A) Human ecology
B) Cultural anthropology
C) Humanistic psychology
D) Behavioral psychology

Question 16

The positive outcomes a person believes will result from the action is referred to by which component of the Health Belief Model?

A) Perceived susceptibility
B) Perceived severity
C) Perceived benefits
D) Perceived barriers

Question 17

An external event that motivates a person to act is referred to by which component of the Health Belief Model?

A) Self-efficacy
B) Perceived severity
C) Perceived benefits
D) Cues to action

Question 18

Self-efficacy is a key construct when individuals reach which stage of the Transtheoretical Model?

A) Contemplation
B) Action
C) Maintenance
D) Termination

Question 19

A mother who smokes and, upon hearing about the effects of secondhand smoke, starts thinking about the effect of her smoking on her children. This is an example of which of the following?

A) Decisional balance
B) Value expectancy
C) Counterconditioning
D) Environmental reevaluation

Question 20

Developing the habit of exercising to substitute for the act of smoking (learned stimulus-response process) is an example of which of the following?

A) Decisional balance
B) Value expectancy
C) Counterconditioning
D) Environmental reevaluation

Question 21

The Self-Determination Theory assumes that humans are innately oriented to growth and health, and that promotion of a person's competence, autonomy, relatedness, and other supportive traits enables this "natural" tendency to shape behavior. From which branch of psychology does this idea derive?

A) Behaviorist psychology
B) Cognitive psychology
C) Ecological psychology
D) Humanistic psychology

Question 22

Which of the following, as a key element in how people change behavior, moves beyond the mechanistic conditioning process of behaviorism and gives individuals a role in their own processes of change?

A) Self-efficacy
B) Value expectancy
C) Vicarious learning
D) Reciprocal determinism

Question 23

__________ possesses similarities to the stages of change models because it posits a process of dissemination, which cannot help but include a chronological element.

A) Social Cognitive Theory
B) Social Network Theory
C) Diffusion of Innovations
D) Social Marketing

Question 24

Tracking the effect of which of the following may be difficult because, if a behavior change is the goal, tracking exposure to the campaign for those exposed and assessing the degree to which behaviors, or at least attitudes, have changed as a result of exposure is not always easy?

A) Social Cognitive Theory
B) Social Network Theory
C) Diffusion of Innovations
D) Social Marketing

Question 25

Which of the following, a term common in marketing parlance, refers to the separation of a target population into meaningful subgroups so that messages and campaigns can be appropriately channeled?

A) Tailoring
B) Targeting
C) Social marketing
D) Market segmentation

Question 26

If the receiver of a message is known to have a different communicative or cultural background from the sender, the sender will need to encode the message in a way that the receiver will interpret it as intended. This process is referred to as which of the following?

A) Message shaping
B) Message design
C) Message tailoring
D) Message formulating

Question 27

Which of the following refers to an ongoing collective framework, developed over time by human societies and groups, for integrating meaning with events, actions, ways of life, and their corresponding social structures?

A) Values
B) Culture
C) Attitudes
D) Beliefs

Question 28

As a category of health promotion, which of the following draws from the historical experience of a wide range of social and political movements including the labor movement, the anti-abortion movement, and HIV/AIDS activism?

A) Community mobilization
B) Organizational development
C) Dissemination science
D) Communications theory

Question 29

Which of the following, an important result of community action, allows a community to gain experience and a sense of efficacy about resolving local problems?

A) Advancement
B) Empowerment
C) Independence
D) Achievement

Question 30

The communications definition, "who says what in which channel to who and with what effects," introduces us to the basic layout of a communication process described by a Bell Laboratories mathematician named Claude Shannon, known as the:

A) Shannon Communication Model.
B) Shannon-Weaver Model.
C) Bell-Shannon Communication Model.
D) Channel of Communications Model.

Question 31

In a society with a pronounced gender hierarchy, which system under Ecological Systems Theory could affect the ability of women to work or to act in a policymaking capacity regarding decisions about what services should be offered in communities?

A) Mesosystem
B) Exosystem
C) Macrosystem
D) Chronosystem

Question 32

In the early 1990s and beyond, Bronfebrenner began to amend his original Ecological Systems Theory to account for the interaction of multiple systems with which type of individual processes?

A) Chronological processes
B) Biological processes
C) Environmental processes
D) Chemical processes

Question 33

The general idea that proximal causes predict most behavior and distal/ultimate causes explain it is a component of which of the following?

A) The CDC/WHO Model
B) Flay's Theory of Triadic Influence
C) The Integrated Behavior Model
D) The Adolescent Well-Being Framework

Question 34

Which model integrates constructs from other behavioral theories, so we still see the familiar chain of factors leading to intention-attitudes toward the behavior, perceived subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (now referred to as personal agency)?

A) The CDC/WHO Model
B) Flay's Theory of Triadic Influence
C) The Integrated Behavior Model
D) The Adolescent Well-Being Framework

Question 35

In the global health arena, multilevel models have been a natural outflow from the widely accepted social determinants approach and from an emerging interest in which concept?

A) Well-being
B) Self-efficacy
C) Value expectancy
D) Vicarious learning

Question 36

During the 17^th century Enlightenment period, who advanced the idea of the tabula rasa, or "blank slate"-the idea that human beings come into the world with nothing and that our knowledge, our behavioral normal, and our social patterns are all learned?

A) Plato
B) John Locke
C) Francis Galton
D) Charles Darwin

Question 37

Which of the following refers to the process of creating a protein from the copied gene?

A) Transition
B) Translation
C) Transcription
D) Replication

Question 38

Which of the following refers to the process of copying a gene?

A) Transition
B) Translation
C) Transcription
D) Replication

Question 39

From an ecological perspective, which of the following provides you with an overview of the interplay between health and other factors, as well and potential social or quality-of-life outcomes for your program?

A) Social assessment
B) Epidemiological assessment
C) Behavioral and environmental assessment
D) Educational and ecological assessment

Question 40

For which of the following PRECEDE-PROCEED assessment phases are you most likely to need to perform data collection yourself?

A) Social assessment
B) Epidemiological assessment
C) Behavioral and environmental assessment
D) Educational and ecological assessment

Question 41

The data collected during which process primarily involves tracking records, which are useful in assessing "how much" of the program led to the result?

A) Process evaluation
B) Outcome evaluation
C) Impact evaluation
D) Immediate evaluation

Question 42

Which of the following is an assessment of the short-term effects of a program, the kinds of effects that might happen in a year or two?

A) Process evaluation
B) Outcome evaluation
C) Impact evaluation
D) Immediate evaluation

Question 43

Action on social determinants of health, both for vulnerable groups and the entire population, is essential to create inclusive, equitable, economically productive, and healthy societies.

Question 44

Failure to share food when it is socially expected or offering inappropriate food is identified with negative values or is used to express dissatisfaction with social relationships.

Question 45

In Western society, the idea of predictability took a specific turn that fed directly into the development of science.

Question 46

The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model has to be supported by individual motivation together with behavioral skills and self-efficacy to engage in prevention.

Question 47

It is more difficult to identify the important characteristics for an ego-centered network because you have to interview all or a significant number of people in the network.

Question 48

Generally, the structural violence perspective lays blame on the inequities inherent in the world system.

Question 49

Very much like Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the Integrated Behavior Model recognizes that factors at multiple levels do not operate by themselves, but are linked to others in continuous, interactive pathways.

Question 50

The gene-environment interaction is so complex that we don't understand all the ways in which that interaction takes place.

Question 51

Which of the following types of interventions are those that target families, groups, or individuals with multiple risk factors for a health problem?

A) Focused prevention interventions
B) Selected prevention interventions
C) Indicated prevention interventions
D) Universal prevention interventions

Question 52

Which state of the REACH model revolves around improving the community environment as well as the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of influential individuals and groups?

A) Capacity building
B) Targeted actions
C) Community/systems change
D) Health disparity reduction

Question 53

The business of public health, by nature, is the business of addressing the health of which type of aggregates?

A) Individual aggregates
B) Group aggregates
C) Community aggregates
D) Population aggregates

Question 54

Which of the following means that an intervention or program you put in place needs to schedule activities (hours, locations) so that members of the target population can participate?

A) Monitoring
B) Targeting
C) Tailoring
D) Focusing

Question 55

Although overemphasizing shared characteristics of a specific group can be dangerous and result in __________, gaining familiarity with the population and working with its environment, dynamics, social structures, and patterns of behavior is necessary in order to develop a health promotion approach toward a population/group that is at risk for a particular health problem.

A) targeting
B) stereotyping
C) marginalizing
D) generalizing

Question 56

Which of the following was designated as a model program by the federal Substance Abuse and mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and is considered a research-tested intervention program by the National Cancer Institute?

A) The South Windsor Schools Obesity Prevention Program
B) The N-O-T (Not On Tobacco) Program
C) The Life-Skills Program
D) The Health Promoting Schools Framework

Question 57

Before a school-based intervention is implemented, approval from which of the following is typically necessary, along with many other difficult and time-consuming efforts to gain support and approval within the school?

A) Parents
B) Teachers
C) School board
D) School principal

Question 58

Which of the following theories would address the interaction between an individual and the environment, including observational learning (role models), developing skills, and self-efficacy?

A) The Health Belief Model
B) The Theory of Planned Behavior
C) Social Cognitive Theory
D) Diffusion of Innovations Theory

Question 59

Which of the following programs is said to better address psychosocial causes/risk factors associated with early onset of substance abuse, including drug-related expectancies, drug-related resistance skills, and general competence?

A) The South Windsor Schools Obesity Prevention Program
B) The N-O-T (Not On Tobacco) Program
C) The Life-Skills Program
D) The Health Promoting Schools Framework

Question 60

Which of the following can be thought of as a planned process of disseminating messages to influence behavior in a particular group or through a coordinated process?

A) Mass media
B) Social media
C) Media advocacy
D) Communications campaign

Question 61

The information gathered through which process will help identify channels of communication, the best "tone" for a message, themes to emphasize, potential spokespersons or influential social models, and the knowledge levels and attitudes of your audiences concerning the health issue?

A) Ecological research
B) Experimental research
C) Observational research
D) Formative research

Question 62

In the four-stage planning approach for communications campaigns, which stage includes beginning communications activities as planned, tracking exposure among the target audiences, and determining whether adjustments to the program are necessary?

A) Stage 1: Planning and Strategy Development
B) Stage 2: Developing and Pretesting Concepts, Messages, and Materials
C) Stage 3: Implementing the Program
D) Stage 4: Assessing Effectiveness and Making Refinements

Question 63

If you want a health behavior or several related health behaviors to appeal to a population group, which of the following can serve as a shortcut that links the behavior to an appealing idea or image?

A) Branding
B) Lobbying
C) Media advocacy
D) News outreach

Question 64

Which type of efforts may seek to influence the public or policymakers though access to the news media, commonly referred to as "news outreach"?

A) Branding
B) Lobbying
C) Mass media
D) Media advocacy

Question 65

The Text2Quit smoking cessation program, in which messages sought to improve self-efficacy for quitting, describe outcome expectations from quitting, increase perceived social support for quitting, model effective quitting strategies and coping skills, and increase behavioral capability for quitting, was developed based on the constructs from which of the following?

A) The Health Belief Model
B) The Theory of Planned Behavior
C) Social Cognitive Theory
D) Diffusion of Innovations Theory

Question 66

Rather than talking up the ill-health effects of smoking, which of the following was designed to appeal to the need for independence among teens and strove to reach teens by letting them know that the tobacco industry was out to manipulate them through its marketing and manufacturing practices?

A) The Truth Campaign
B) The REACH Program
C) The National Youth Antidrug Media Campaign
D) Text2Quit Text Messaging Program for Smoking Cessation

Question 67

For the purposes of public health, which of the following has resulted in much more rapid routes of transmission for infectious disease around the globe?

A) Innovation
B) Industrialization
C) Mobilization
D) Globalization

Question 68

Which of the following is a prominent example of a public/private partnership?

A) National Institutes of Health
B) World Health Organization
C) Doctors Without Borders
D) The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria

Question 69

UNICEF collects data from numerous countries through which of the following, the results of which can be accessed at www.childinfo.org?

A) World Health Report
B) Global Burden of Disease database
C) MEASURE DHS global surveys
D) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

Question 70

Which disease gained prominence, in large part, because of its role as an opportunistic infection in those with HIV/AIDS and the increasing incidence in developed countries because of increasing immigration from developing countries?

A) Cholera
B) Dysentery
C) Malaria
D) Tuberculosis

Question 71

Which of the following was a disease of "first world" countries, prevalent in the United States at one time, until it was controlled as a by-product of agricultural development, with better housing, land drainage, mosquito repellants, nets, and so on?

A) Cholera
B) Dysentery
C) Malaria
D) Tuberculosis

Question 72

The Communications for Development (C4D) framework, now being used by UNICEF, is very similar to which of the following?

A) Social Marketing Theory
B) Social Network Theory
C) Behavior Change Communications
D) Social and Behavior Change Communications

Question 73

Which of the following is a well-known framework for predicting behavioral outcomes and for designing intervention programs targeting youth?

A) The Health Belief Model
B) The Transtheoretical Model
C) Harm reduction approach
D) Risk and protective factor model

Question 74

Under the risk and protective factors model, the clustering of risk factors has been treated as indicating which type of worldview?

A) Nonconventional
B) Nonconforming
C) Noncompliant
D) Nonconstructive

Question 75

Which of the following approaches focuses on the context and the integration of factors, including the ways that "risk-behaving individuals" construct and organize their actions?

A) Generative approach
B) Ecological approach
C) Harm reduction approach
D) Risk and protective factor approach

Question 76

Which types of programs focus on specific behaviors that pose the greatest public health threat, while not immediately addressing other risky or unhealthy behaviors the person may engage in?

A) Generative programs
B) Ecological programs
C) Harm reduction programs
D) Risk and protective factor programs

Question 77

The role of outreach workers can be viewed as drawing from which model, where intravenous drug users are addressed based on their readiness to modify specific HIV/AIDS-related risk behaviors or even their drug use?

A) Social Network Theory
B) Social Cognitive Theory
C) The Health Belief Model
D) The Transtheoretical Model

Question 78

To determine which of the following, the typical process is to collect data about the issues you expect to change in the short term before your project begins, then collect the same kind of information at one or more points after the intervention is in place to measure the change?

A) Process
B) Outcome
C) Impact
D) Fidelity

Question 79

Long-term impact is something you can measure if you can follow people who participated in your program over an extended period, typically referred to as which of the following?

A) Longitudinal study
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Case-control study
D) Quasi-experimental study

Question 80

Changes between baseline to follow-up data collection that are occurring simply as a result of people becoming more familiar with the evaluation surveys or questions are consistent with which type of confounding?

A) Testing
B) Maturation
C) Selection bias
D) Attrition confound