Deck 11: Pharmacology

Question 1

Which of the following drugs increases the excretion of albumin?

A) calcitriol
B) phenytoin
C) ethambutol
D) chlorpromazine
E) niacin

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion called?

A) pharmacokinetics
B) pharmacology
C) pharmacotherapy
D) pathophysiology
E) biokinetics

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following refers to the placement of a drug in the cheek?

A) epidural
B) buccal
C) ophthalmic
D) parenteral
E) sublingual

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the name of the cardiac glycoside that is prescribed to alter the contractions of the heart?

A) creatinine
B) digoxin
C) omeprazole
D) gentamycin
E) creatine

Question 5

What has to happen to the medication before absorption is successful?

A) dissolution
B) oxidation
C) reduction
D) ionization
E) hyperemia

Question 6

St. John's wort, an herbal supplement, impacts the metabolism of drugs because it significantly induces the activity of:

A) proton-pump inhibitors
B) CYP 2B6
C) MAOIs
D) CYP 3A4
E) H2 blockers

Question 7

What is a type of medication that is used to treat hyperlipidemia?

A) MAOIs
B) creatinines
C) prokinetics
D) excipients
E) statins

Question 8

In the United States, what proportion of physician visits include a written prescription?

A) 50-60%
B) less than 35%
C) greater than 75%
D) 10-20%
E) greater than 55%

Question 9

What is the effect of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors?

A) increase blood pH levels
B) decrease blood pH levels
C) increase calcium absorption rates
D) vasodilation of blood vessels
E) vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Question 10

The binding of a nutrient or food component with a drug (making it unabsorbable) is called:

A) chelation
B) dissolution
C) oxidation
D) reduction
E) phagocytosis

Question 11

Which parts of the body have the largest surface areas for drug absorption?

A) mouth and throat
B) mouth and stomach
C) large intestine and bowel
D) spinal canal and stomach
E) small intestine and lungs

Question 12

What kind of drugs are quickly absorbed across cell membranes?

A) protein-based
B) sugar-based
C) lipid-based
D) carbohydrate-based
E) vitamin analogues

Question 13

Which of the following medications is affected by changes in kidney function?

A) clonazepam
B) dopamine
C) cimetidine
D) digoxin
E) captopril

Question 14

Which method of administering drugs requires an injection?

A) buccal
B) subcutaneous
C) enteral
D) sublingual
E) topical

Question 15

What occurs immediately after a drug is absorbed by the body?

A) ionization of the drug
B) dissolution of the drug
C) reduction of the drug
D) distribution of the drug
E) oxidation of the drug

Question 16

What kind of meal increases gastric emptying time (i.e., slow emptying rate) the most?

A) high-carbohydrate meal
B) high-fat meal
C) spinach salad
D) egg salad sandwich
E) stir fried vegetables and rice

Question 17

Which of the following vitamins is an antagonist of the drug warfarin (Coumadin)?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B₂
C) vitamin B₆
D) vitamin C
E) vitamin K

Question 18

Which fruit significantly impacts the actions of drugs such as statins and cyclosporines?

A) prunes
B) grapes
C) grapefruit
D) watermelon
E) raspberries

Question 19

Which type of excipients are added to medications to increase dissolution?

A) disintegrants
B) antioxidants
C) expectorants
D) lubricants
E) binders

Question 20

Most drug biotransformation in the liver is accomplished by an enzyme called:

A) cytochrome P500
B) cytochrome P450
C) cytochrome R200
D) alpha-lipase R200
E) alpha-lipase R450

Question 21

When doing a nutrient assessment of drug-nutrient interactions, which primary organs are assessed?

A) kidneys, small intestine, spleen
B) liver, spleen, pancreas
C) kidneys, liver, heart
D) liver, heart, small intestine
E) kidneys, spleen, pancreas

Question 22

When MAO is blocked by MAO inhibitors, which amine is affected (levels rise)?

A) lysine
B) tyramine
C) arginine
D) glycine
E) glutamine

Question 23

Which class of medications results in decreased absorption of calcium from the GI tract as well as increased urinary loss of calcium, leading to a high risk of bone fracture and osteoporosis?

A) corticosteroids
B) NSAIDs
C) cyclosporins
D) statins
E) H₂blockers

Question 24

Mrs. Z is a 76-year-old female who consults an internal medicine physician because she has been depressed. She also gets chronic migraines.   The physician takes a full history from Mrs. Z, which reveals that several medications have been prescribed to her by a variety of specialists. It seems that each specialist neglected to pay attention to the medications that Mrs. Z was prescribed by her other doctors and the potential drug-nutrient interactions. She also takes some daily health supplements.
The physician's notes are as follows:
Current Medication/Supplements       Reason for Prescribing/Taking
St) John's wort ...............................     she read in a magazine that this helps with depression
Slow Fe (iron supplement) ............     for prior anemia
Warfarin .........................................    history of embolic stroke
Omeprazole ...................................     history of peptic ulcer
TUMS ............................................     chronic upset stomach
Amoxicillin ...................................      recent respiratory infection
Doxazosin .....................................      incontinence
Allegra ..........................................      seasonal allergies
Lipitor ...........................................      high cholesterol
Vitamin E ......................................     she heard it was good for heart disease
Typical Daily Diet
Breakfast: eggs, bacon, ½ grapefruit, fresh orange juice
Lunch: hotdogs, sausages, or pepperoni sub, sliced tomatoes, cold tea
Dinner: cooked spinach, chicken breast, mashed potatoes, hot tea
What current med or supplement is Mrs. Z taking that likely results in diminished clinical effectiveness or increased dosage requirements for her other medications?

A) TUMS
B) vitamin E
C) St. John's wort
D) slow iron
E) tea

Question 25

Which drug increases the urinary excretion of riboflavin and folacin?

A) calcitriol
B) tetracycline
C) NSAIDs
D) caffeine
E) chlorpromazine

Question 26

Mrs. Z is a 76-year-old female who consults an internal medicine physician because she has been depressed. She also gets chronic migraines.   The physician takes a full history from Mrs. Z, which reveals that several medications have been prescribed to her by a variety of specialists. It seems that each specialist neglected to pay attention to the medications that Mrs. Z was prescribed by her other doctors and the potential drug-nutrient interactions. She also takes some daily health supplements.
The physician's notes are as follows:
Current Medication/Supplements       Reason for Prescribing/Taking
St) John's wort ...............................     she read in a magazine that this helps with depression
Slow Fe (iron supplement) ............     for prior anemia
Warfarin .........................................    history of embolic stroke
Omeprazole ...................................     history of peptic ulcer
TUMS ............................................     chronic upset stomach
Amoxicillin ...................................      recent respiratory infection
Doxazosin .....................................      incontinence
Allegra ..........................................      seasonal allergies
Lipitor ...........................................      high cholesterol
Vitamin E ......................................     she heard it was good for heart disease
Typical Daily Diet
Breakfast: eggs, bacon, ½ grapefruit, fresh orange juice
Lunch: hotdogs, sausages, or pepperoni sub, sliced tomatoes, cold tea
Dinner: cooked spinach, chicken breast, mashed potatoes, hot tea
With no fever, shortness of breath or rales, which medication should likely be discontinued for Mrs. Z?

A) amoxicillin
B) warfarin
C) doxazosin
D) lipitor
E) omeprazole

Question 27

Which vitamin-B supplement interferes with the metabolism of blood glucose?

A) riboflavin
B) biotin
C) pantothenic acid
D) folic acid
E) niacin

Question 28

Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of seizures?

A) hydralazine
B) clonidine
C) phenytoin
D) ethambutol
E) caffeine

Question 29

Adverse drug effects happen more often within what age group?

A) the elderly
B) middle-age people
C) young adults
D) teenagers
E) children

Question 30

Which criteria are used to identify the medications most likely to result in adverse effects?

A) Adams criteria
B) Beers criteria
C) Collins criteria
D) DuPont criteria
E) Elliot criteria

Question 31

Mrs. Z is a 76-year-old female who consults an internal medicine physician because she has been depressed. She also gets chronic migraines.   The physician takes a full history from Mrs. Z, which reveals that several medications have been prescribed to her by a variety of specialists. It seems that each specialist neglected to pay attention to the medications that Mrs. Z was prescribed by her other doctors and the potential drug-nutrient interactions. She also takes some daily health supplements.
The physician's notes are as follows:
Current Medication/Supplements       Reason for Prescribing/Taking
St) John's wort ...............................     she read in a magazine that this helps with depression
Slow Fe (iron supplement) ............     for prior anemia
Warfarin .........................................    history of embolic stroke
Omeprazole ...................................     history of peptic ulcer
TUMS ............................................     chronic upset stomach
Amoxicillin ...................................      recent respiratory infection
Doxazosin .....................................      incontinence
Allegra ..........................................      seasonal allergies
Lipitor ...........................................      high cholesterol
Vitamin E ......................................     she heard it was good for heart disease
Typical Daily Diet
Breakfast: eggs, bacon, ½ grapefruit, fresh orange juice
Lunch: hotdogs, sausages, or pepperoni sub, sliced tomatoes, cold tea
Dinner: cooked spinach, chicken breast, mashed potatoes, hot tea
Considering Mrs. Z is taking warfarin, which element in her diet is a concern for a negative drug-nutrient interaction?

A) cold tea
B) orange juice
C) eggs
D) bacon
E) spinach

Question 32

NSAIDs increase the excretion of:

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B1
C) vitamin B2
D) vitamin B3
E) vitamin C

Question 33

What are the three main biomarkers used to assess liver function?

A) ALT, ALA, creatinine
B) ALT, AST, bilirubin
C) bilirubin, glucose, creatinine
D) ALA, glucose, serum potassium
E) AST, ALA, creatinine

Question 34

What is a common side effect of the drug Prozac?

A) reduced saliva production
B) altered taste sensations
C) bloating
D) decreased appetite and weight loss
E) heartburn

Question 35

Mrs. Z is a 76-year-old female who consults an internal medicine physician because she has been depressed. She also gets chronic migraines. The physician takes a full history from Mrs. Z, which reveals that several medications have been prescribed to her by a variety of specialists. It seems that each specialist neglected to pay attention to the medications that Mrs. Z was prescribed by her other doctors and the potential drug-nutrient interactions. She also takes some daily health supplements.
The physician's notes are as follows:
Current Medication/Supplements       Reason for Prescribing/Taking
St) John's wort ...............................     she read in a magazine that this helps with depression
Slow Fe (iron supplement) ............     for prior anemia
Warfarin .........................................    history of embolic stroke
Omeprazole ...................................     history of peptic ulcer
TUMS ............................................     chronic upset stomach
Amoxicillin ...................................      recent respiratory infection
Doxazosin .....................................      incontinence
Allegra ..........................................      seasonal allergies
Lipitor ...........................................      high cholesterol
Vitamin E ......................................     she heard it was good for heart disease
Typical Daily Diet
Breakfast: eggs, bacon, ½ grapefruit, fresh orange juice
Lunch: hotdogs, sausages, or pepperoni sub, sliced tomatoes, cold tea
Dinner: cooked spinach, chicken breast, mashed potatoes, hot tea
Considering Mrs. Z is taking Allegra and Lipitor, which element of her diet is a concern for a negative drug-nutrient interaction?

A) hot tea
B) eggs
C) deli meats
D) grapefruit
E) spinach

Question 36

Which are the two main biomarkers used to assess kidney function?

A) creatinine and bilirubin
B) AST and alkaline phosphatase
C) ALT and blood urea nitrogen
D) bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase
E) blood urea nitrogen and creatinine

Question 37

Which immunosuppressant medications have been associated with large amounts of magnesium loss in urine?

A) corticosteroids
B) NSAIDs
C) cyclosporins
D) statins
E) H₂blockers

Question 38

Which route of drug administration is absorbed at a slower rate?

A) buccal
B) sublingual
C) inhalation
D) oral
E) topical

Question 39

Identify the medication that acts as an H₂blocker.

A) colchicine
B) famotidine
C) donepezil
D) metformin
E) levodopa

Question 40

Mrs. Z is a 76-year-old female who consults an internal medicine physician because she has been depressed. She also gets chronic migraines.   The physician takes a full history from Mrs. Z, which reveals that several medications have been prescribed to her by a variety of specialists. It seems that each specialist neglected to pay attention to the medications that Mrs. Z was prescribed by her other doctors and the potential drug-nutrient interactions. She also takes some daily health supplements.
The physician's notes are as follows:
Current Medication/Supplements       Reason for Prescribing/Taking
St) John's wort ...............................     she read in a magazine that this helps with depression
Slow Fe (iron supplement) ............     for prior anemia
Warfarin .........................................    history of embolic stroke
Omeprazole ...................................     history of peptic ulcer
TUMS ............................................     chronic upset stomach
Amoxicillin ...................................      recent respiratory infection
Doxazosin .....................................      incontinence
Allegra ..........................................      seasonal allergies
Lipitor ...........................................      high cholesterol
Vitamin E ......................................     she heard it was good for heart disease
Typical Daily Diet
Breakfast: eggs, bacon, ½ grapefruit, fresh orange juice
Lunch: hotdogs, sausages, or pepperoni sub, sliced tomatoes, cold tea
Dinner: cooked spinach, chicken breast, mashed potatoes, hot tea
Because of the connection between increased levels of tyramine and migraine headaches, what dietary changes should Mrs. Z make?

A) eliminate grapefruit
B) eliminate deli (cured) meats
C) eliminate orange juice
D) eliminate eggs
E) eliminate fresh tomatoes

Question 41

The pH at the absorption site can alter ionization of the drug, which may change the speed and effectiveness of absorption.

Question 42

Suppository medications can be administered via the _______________ or the vagina.

Question 43

Binders, lubricants, and coating agents _______________ dissolution, whereas disintegrants _______________ dissolution.

Question 44

_______________ is defined as the use of drugs for treatment of disease and health maintenance.

Question 45

Chromium picolinate is a supplement taken to improve _______________ sensitivity.

Question 46

Aspirin is a good example of a medication that is absorbed in the _______________ but can also damage the gastric mucosa.

Question 47

Some drug effects are _______________ of cellular receptors and are called nonspecific cellular responses.

Question 48

Sublingual administration requires an injection into the body under the skin.

Question 49

The older adult population represents a group of individuals with an exceptionally low risk for drug-nutrient interactions.

Question 50

Complementary health approaches include use of nonvitamins and nonmineral dietary supplements natural products such as herbs and botanicals.

Question 51

Omeprazole is a type of proton pump inhibitor used to treat GERD and peptic ulcer disease.

Question 52

Medications placed directly into the spinal canal are called _______________ or intrathecal.

Question 53

There is no official definition for the term "megavitamin therapy," but it usually encompasses amounts of over 10 times the RDA.

Question 54

_______________ are substances added to formulations of medications that affect dissolution.

Question 55

Circulation within the liver decreases by approximately 65% by age 65 years with concurrent decreases in liver mass.

Question 56

When an individual takes nitroglycerin for angina, it is usually administered via the sublingual route.

Question 57

A(n) _______________ works to stimulate synthesis of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, increasing action potential.

Question 58

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an intricate enzyme system distributed predominantly in nervous tissue, the heart, and the small intestine.

Question 59

The most important chemical properties of medications related to drug absorption include the solubility of the drug in lipid or water and the ionization of the medication.

Question 60

_______________ are medications that specifically interrupt the production of acid in the stomach.

Question 61

Calcium supplements are absorbed best in an _______________ environment.

Question 62

One of the most common mechanisms for alteration of drug metabolism is concurrent use of _______________.

Question 63

An example of a tubular reabsorption deficit involves the use of immunosuppressant medications called _______________.

Question 64

Describe what excipients are. List some examples and what they do.

Question 65

Amitriptyline, a common antidepressant, may cause a decrease in _______________ production.

Question 66

Give an example of a negative drug-nutrient interaction involving MAOIs.

Question 67

Excess _______________ intake results in excess lithium excretion.

Question 68

Give an example of the effect of drugs on nutrient metabolism.

Question 69

Discuss the role of nutrition therapy in pharmacotherapy and provide an example of a drug-nutrient interaction.

Question 70

Black _______________ may alter the response of cells to chemotherapy in patients under treatment for breast cancer.

Question 71

What is parenteral administration and list the possible routes for parenteral administration of drugs.

Question 72

Discuss drug-nutrient interactions in the elderly.

Question 73

Describe monoamine oxidase and list some of its functions.

Question 74

Most drugs of low molecular weight are filtered out of the blood in the _______________ unless they are bound to large molecules such as proteins or to erythrocytes.

Question 75

Describe the different routes the body uses to excrete drugs. Give an example of a consequence of a specific route of excretion.

Question 76

Describe factors that affect drug dissolution.

Question 77

Many medications are bound to a protein carrier called _______________.

Question 78

Explain what DASH stands for and what it is used for.

Question 79

A classic example of a food-medication interaction resulting in harmful side effects is the interaction between pressor agents in foods and _______________.

Question 80

Medications that affect gastric emptying time include _______________ such as metoclopramide.