Deck 5: Digestion and Absorption

Question 1

A polypeptide:

A)contains less than five amino acids.
B)is composed of more than one protein molecule.
C)contains ten or more amino acids.
D)contains only three amino acids.
E)is not folded or coiled.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An essential amino acid:

A)is unnecessary to the diet.
B)must be supplied by the diet.
C)can be made from glucose in the body.
D)can be made from fat in the body.
E)must come from a supplement.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The DRI committee that reviewed the safety of amino acid supplements was unable to set Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for safe supplement use. Until safety research becomes available, no level of amino acid supplement can be assumed safe for all people.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Proteins differ from the other energy nutrients in that they contain:

A)glycerol.
B)carbon.
C)fatty acids.
D)nitrogen.
E)calcium.

Question 5

The human genome contains more than 20,000 genes that code for hundreds of thousands of proteins. ​

Question 6

Not all amino acids have to be supplied by food. This is true because:

A)not all necessary amino acids are found in food.
B)hormones furnish the missing amino acids.
C)the liver is able to manufacture some amino acids from others.
D)the liver is able to manufacture some amino acids from fatty acids.
E)the liver is able to manufacture some amino acids from carbohydrates.

Question 7

Consumption of protein, itself, is known to contribute to heart disease and mortality. ​

Question 8

The component that distinguishes one amino acid from another is its:

A)side group.
B)backbone.
C)size.
D)shape.
E)central spiral group.

Question 9

Lipoproteins function to:

A)catalyze chemical reactions.
B)encourage edema.
C)transport lipids in the blood.
D)transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells.
E)add strength to bones and teeth.

Question 10

Under special circumstances, a nonessential amino acid can become essential. ​

Question 11

Only water transports substances such as lipids, vitamins, and minerals throughout the body.

Question 12

The dramatically different shapes of proteins enable them to perform different tasks in the body. ​

Question 13

Proteins that travel to target cells and act as chemical messengers are known as:

A)collagens.
B)hormones.
C)opsins.
D)antigens.
E)enzymes.

Question 14

Proteins may contain up to ten different amino acids. ​

Question 15

Proteins are composed of chains of:

A)monosaccharides.
B)fatty acids.
C)ketones.
D)amino acids.
E)glucose molecules.

Question 16

Research supports the idea that a vegetarian diet may be healthier than a diet that includes meat. ​

Question 17

How many essential amino acids are required by adults? ​

A)9
B)16
C)10
D)22
E)23

Question 18

Researchers have found that vegetarians as a group have more weight problems than nonvegetarians.

Question 19

If the shape of a protein is changed, the ____ of the protein is also changed. ​

A)function
B)size
C)electrical charge
D)nutritional value
E)density value

Question 20

When proteins break down, their component amino acids are locked up within the cells and excreted by the body. ​

Question 21

An important buffer that helps maintain the acid-base balance of the blood is:

A)hemoglobin.
B)an electrolyte.
C)albumin.
D)structural.
E)an antibody.

Question 22

One of the nine essential amino acids is:

A)phenylalanine.
B)carnitine.
C)thyrosine.
D)glucosamine.
E)butalmine.

Question 23

The process of protein breakdown and synthesis is called:

A)protein recovery.
B)the protein cycle.
C)protein turnover.
D)protein rotation.
E)protein genesis.

Question 24

Enzymes are:

A)made of carbohydrates.
B)essential to all life processes.
C)altered by the chemical reactions they facilitate.
D)essential nutrients.
E)nonessential nutrients.

Question 25

Which statement characterizes enzymes? ​

A)They are redundant in most life processes.
B)They are not proteins.
C)They are all catalysts.
D)They are involved in synthesis reactions only.
E)They are destroyed as soon as they perform their function.

Question 26

Although amino acids are a secondary source of energy, their primary function is to:

A)build proteins needed by the body.
B)provide essential water-soluble vitamins.
C)produce insulin.
D)supply most of the kcalories in the average American diet.
E)denature proteins.

Question 27

A person is in positive nitrogen balance during:

A)growth.
B)old age.
C)exercise.
D)adulthood.
E)starvation.

Question 28

A person is in negative nitrogen balance during:

A)infancy.
B)adolescence.
C)starvation.
D)pregnancy.
E)illness recovery.

Question 29

When glucose is unavailable, the ____ cannot function properly. ​

A)lungs and circulatory system
B)kidneys and liver
C)brain and nervous system
D)bones and muscles
E)muscles and liver

Question 30

Severe marasmus:

A)results in low resistance to disease.
B)causes increased body temperature.
C)occurs only in children.
D)hampers physical development but leaves the brain unaffected.
E)occurs only in adults.

Question 31

Proteins help determine the distribution of fluids in living systems because they are:

A)large.
B)resistant to heat.
C)attracted to water.
D)small.
E)hydrophobic.

Question 32

The body uses amino acids extensively for energy when:

A)protein stores run low.
B)there is inadequate glucose or fatty acids.
C)an athlete performs strength training exercises.
D)the body becomes dehydrated.
E)the body has excess water.

Question 33

A child with marasmus differs from a child with kwashiorkor in that a marasmic child:

A)has a skin rash.
B)experiences edema.
C)may suffer brain impairment.
D)develops a fatty liver.
E)develops lung problems.

Question 34

When a normal, healthy adult consumes twice as much protein as he requires, his nitrogen output will:

A)equal his nitrogen intake.
B)exceed his nitrogen intake.
C)depend on his individual metabolism.
D)be less than his nitrogen intake.
E)be much more than his nitrogen intake.

Question 35

Marasmus may best be described as a nutritional deficiency disease caused by:

A)a chronic, severe deprivation of food.
B)excess energy intake.
C)a chronic, severe deprivation of protein.
D)a deficiency of protein and vitamins.
E)a chronic, severe deprivation of enzymes.

Question 36

Protection from disease is largely dependent on the action of:

A)buffers.
B)hemoglobin.
C)antibodies.
D)vitamins.
E)hormones.

Question 37

When proteins are ____, they lose their shape, as well as their function. ​

A)denatured
B)synthesized
C)coiled
D)folded
E)reacted

Question 38

An example of a conditionally essential amino acid is:

A)valine.
B)leucine.
C)lysine.
D)tyrosine.
E)thyrosine.

Question 39

The nitrogen-containing excretion product of protein metabolism is:

A)a buffer.
B)hemoglobin.
C)urea.
D)water.
E)electrolytes.

Question 40

Why is it important to keep the proper acid-base balance in the body?

A)H ighly acidic conditions cause vital proteins to denature.
B)H ighly acidic conditions cause the destruction of fatty acids.
C)A cid-base imbalances contribute to the destruction of hormones.
D)A cid-base imbalances compromise growth in children.
E)A cid-base imbalances cause edema.

Question 41

Fat accumulation in the liver is a symptom of:

A)kwashiorkor.
B)marasmus.
C)eosinophilia myalgia syndrome .
D)dysentery.
E)fibromegaly.

Question 42

The end products of protein metabolism are excreted by the:

A)stomach.
B)liver.
C)kidneys.
D)gallbladder.
E)pancreas.

Question 43

Mary consumes approximately 1800 kcalories per day. If she wants to consume 15% of her kcalories from protein, approximately how many grams of protein would she need each day? ​

A)28
B)48
C)38
D)68
E)88

Question 44

A 25-year-old man weighs 154 pounds and consumes 2,700 kcalories with 45 grams of protein a day. If two-thirds of the protein comes from animal sources, it may be concluded that he

A)ingested his recommended allowance of protein.
B)needs 8 grams more protein to meet the recommended allowance.
C)needs 11 grams more protein to meet the recommended allowance.
D)has exceeded his recommended allowance of protein.
E)needs 22 grams more protein to meet the recommended allowance.

Question 45

What happens when the diet is lacking an essential amino acid? ​

A)Proteins will be made but they will be limited in that particular amino acid.
B)The body will synthesize it.
C)A person's health will not be affected as long as carbohydrate and fat intakes are adequate.
D)Protein synthesis will be limited.
E)Protein synthesis will stop.

Question 46

Which food item provides the highest quality protein? ​

A)citrus fruits
B)cereal
C)legumes
D)bread
E)yogurt

Question 47

The protein requirement of a child compared to an adult is:

A)the same as adults, until the child turns 10 years of age.
B)higher.
C)much lower.
D)dependent on the activity level of the child.
E)exactly the same.

Question 48

Kwashiorkor most frequently develops among:

A)older adults.
B)newborns.
C)newly weaned children.
D)adolescents.
E)pregnant women.

Question 49

What is the primary cause of the edema that accompanies kwashiorkor? ​

A)Proteins and hormones diminish and fluid leaks into interstitial spaces.
B)Lipoprotein synthesis is diminished, causing fat to accumulate.
C)Protein is lost from the heart muscle, resulting in a weak heartbeat.
D)Synthesis of enzymes is reduced.
E)Protein synthesis produces too much water.

Question 50

Which food item is considered to be a source of high-quality protein? ​

A)seeds
B)gelatin
C)almond milk
D)eggs
E)pectin

Question 51

An essential amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for protein synthesis in the body is termed a(n)____ amino acid. ​

A)indigestible
B)non-essential
C)reduced
D)limiting
E)high-quality

Question 52

The recommended intake of protein is ____ of daily energy intake. ​

A)45-60%
B)35-45%
C)5-10%
D)10-35%
E)55%

Question 53

In order to estimate an individual's protein requirements, his or her ____ must be considered. ​

A)age
B)height
C)weight
D)gender
E)race

Question 54

The measure of the amount of amino acids absorbed from a given protein intake is called:

A)protein quality.
B)net protein utilization.
C)protein digestibility.
D)protein efficiency ratio.
E)protein absorption value.

Question 55

The protein RDA for adults is ____ grams per kilogram of body weight. ​

A)0.4
B)0.5
C)0.8
D)1.0
E)1.2

Question 56

The plant food with the highest protein digestibility is:

A)corn.
B)sweet potato.
C)asparagus.
D)soybeans.
E)cabbage.

Question 57

The RDA for protein for a 121-pound woman is ____ grams per day. ​

A)44
B)60
C)75
D)100
E)121

Question 58

Which is a risk associated with the overconsumption of protein? ​

A)an enlarged heart
B)pancreatic cancer
C)hyperglycemia
D)inadequate intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
E)an increased risk of developing liver disease

Question 59

In setting the RDA for protein, the committee assumed that:

A)protein will be of low quality.
B)protein will be consumed together with adequate energy and other nutrients.
C)other nutrients in the diet will be inadequate.
D)the RDA will be applied to individuals with unusual metabolic needs.
E)protein will form the majority of a person's diet.

Question 60

The best choice for a dessert that will provide high-quality protein is

A)chocolate pudding.
B)fruit sorbet.
C)sherbet.
D)egg custard.
E)banana cream pie.

Question 61

The task of acquiring enough vitamin B₁₂ may pose a problem to vegans because:

A)fibers in vegetables inhibit its absorption.
B)they lack the proper enzymes to break it down.
C)it is found only in animal-derived products.
D)deficiency may occur from excess intake of soy products.
E)it cannot be put into a vitamin.

Question 62

Which food serving provides the largest amount of protein? ​

A)½ cup cooked broccoli
B)2 tablespoons peanut butter
C)1 cup milk
D)1 cup tofu
E)½ ounce meat

Question 63

Which food item contains low-quality protein?

A)corn
B)soy
C)eggs
D)beef
E)pork

Question 64

Which complementary proteins are lacking in legumes? ​

A)tryptophan and lysine
B)isoleucine and lysine ​
C)methionine and isoleucine
D)methionine and tryptophan
E)isoleucine and tryptophan

Question 65

What is the best strategy for consuming adequate amino acids? ​

A)Eat high-quality proteins or foods containing complementary proteins.
B)Avoid protein supplements in favor of single amino acid supplements.
C)Consume enough protein to meet the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for supplemental amino acids.
D)Consume the perfect ratio of carbohydrate to protein.
E)Consume the perfect ratio of fat to protein.

Question 66

Which food group provides essential fatty acids for a vegan diet? ​

A)flaxseed
B)dark, green, leafy vegetables
C)deep orange and yellow fruits and vegetables
D)whole grain
E)kidney beans

Question 67

Which combination provides high-quality protein? ​

A)black beans and corn
B)pasta with broccoli, peppers, and sesame seeds
C)peanut butter and white bread sandwich
D)stir-fried cabbage, squash, and green peppers
E)salad with pineapples

Question 68

Which food group in the USDA Food Guide contains only tiny amounts of protein? ​

A)fruit
B)vegetables
C)grains
D)milk
E)nuts

Question 69

Vegetarians should eat iron-rich foods along with foods rich in ____ to increase iron absorption. ​

A)vitamin C
B)calcium
C)phytic acid
D)fiber
E)potassium

Question 70

Dietary protein will not be used efficiently and will not support growth if ____ are lacking in the diet.

A)vegetables
B)hormones
C)kcalories
D)dairy foods
E)nut meats

Question 71

Complementary proteins:

A)enhance the taste of food.
B)increase the quality of the protein.
C)combine proteins from different foods to provide all essential amino acids.
D)decrease the loss of nitrogen from the body.
E)increase the loss of nitrogen from the body.

Question 72

A diet which excludes red meat, but occasionally includes poultry, fish, and shellfish is classified as:

A)lacto-ovo vegetarian.
B)partial vegetarian.
C)ovo-vegetarian.
D)temporary vegetarian.
E)part-time vegan.

Question 73

Which food serving provides about 14 grams of protein? ​

A)3 cups of legumes
B)1 ounce chicken
C)1 egg
D)2 eggs
E)3 eggs

Question 74

A major reason why people must have sufficient carbohydrate and fat in the diet is to:

A)stimulate the breakdown of body protein for energy.
B)prevent the loss of essential fatty acids.
C)prevent the breakdown of body protein for energy.
D)stimulate the synthesis of essential amino acids.
E)prevent osteoporosis.

Question 75

Severe acute malnutrition is caused by:

A)recent severe food restriction; characterized in children who are underweight for height.
B)a critical decrease in essential fatty acids, especially those from milk.
C)an overconsumption of sugary products and is similar to diabetes.
D)an overconsumption of high-fat, high-protein foods at the expense of carbohydrates.
E)underconsumption of protein, but overconsumption of fat.

Question 76

Which food will contribute to the calcium intake of a vegan diet? ​

A)deep orange fruits
B)carrots
C)purple cabbage
D)legumes
E)deep yellow fruits

Question 77

A strict vegetarian must be careful about intakes of:

A)vitamin C and vitamin A; they may be too high.
B)iron and zinc; they may be too low.
C)iron and zinc; they may be too high.
D)vitamin C and vitamin A; they may be too low.
E)vitamin D and potassium; they may be too high.

Question 78

Which minerals are most likely to be lacking in the diet of vegetarians? ​

A)sodium, potassium, and chloride
B)zinc, magnesium, and fluoride
C)iron, manganese, and calcium
D)iron, zinc, and calcium
E)iron, magnesium, and potassium

Question 79

Structural proteins are found in:

A)antibodies.
B)transporters.
C)teeth.
D)hormones.
E)enzymes.

Question 80

How many grams of protein are in a 6-ounce serving of rib eye steak? ​

A)18
B)24
C)42
D)48
E)52