Deck 8: Energy Balance and Body Composition

Question 1

Imagine that an adult consumes 500 excess kcalories each day for 2 weeks. About how much weight would that person gain?

A) 0.5 lb
B) 2 lb
C) 3 lb
D) 4 lb
E) 8 lb

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The brain chemical, neuropeptide Y, causes cravings for ________.

A) fat
B) salt
C) protein
D) carbohydrate
E) water

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Satiety determines ________.

A) what kinds of foods are consumed at meals
B) how much food is consumed during a meal
C) how much time passes between meals
D) how long it takes digestion to begin
E) protein versus carbohydrate intake

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Though it has limitations, a basic rule of energy balance states that 1 pound of fat is stored for each ________ kcalories eaten in excess.

A) 500
B) 1500
C) 2500
D) 3500
E) 5000

Question 5

Which energy-yielding nutrient is the most satiating?

A) fat
B) water
C) protein
D) carbohydrate
E) alcohol

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the resting metabolic rate is FALSE?

A) It measures energy use for a person at rest in a comfortable setting.
B) It is less stringent than the BMR in regard to physical activity.
C) It is less stringent than the BMR in regard to recent food intake.
D) It is easier to determine than the BMR.
E) It typically is slightly lower than the BMR.

Question 7

Which statement accurately describes the energy measurement of foods?

A) The amount of carbon dioxide consumed gives an indirect measure of energy released.
B) A bomb calorimeter measures the amount of oxygen released when a food is oxidized.
C) Bomb calorimetry provides precise amounts of energy a person derives from the foods consumed.
D) Bomb calorimetry typically overstates the physiological fuel value.
E) In general, the fuel value of protein foods will exceed their energy value as measured by bomb calorimetry.

Question 8

You have just consumed a very large Thanksgiving meal, but still want a slice of pumpkin pie for dessert. What term best describes this state?

A) satiety
B) hunger
C) appetite
D) depression
E) bulimia

Question 9

Which part of the brain is the primary center for appetite control?

A) cerebellum
B) cerebral cortex
C) medulla
D) hypothalamus
E) hippocampus

Question 10

The amount of energy that the human body derives from foods is known as the ____.

A) basal metabolism
B) food combustion
C) bomb calorimetry value
D) physiological fuel value
E) psychological fuel value

Question 11

Which of the following is not a metabolic activity?

A) inhaling and exhaling air
B) making new red blood cells via bone marrow
C) chewing food
D) filtering wastes through the kidneys
E) the heart beating 100,000 times each day

Question 12

Over time, the composition of weight gained or lost typically is ________ fat and ________ lean.

A) 10%, 90%
B) 20%, 80%
C) 35%, 65%
D) 50%, 50%
E) 75%, 25%

Question 13

Which of the following describes the process of thermogenesis?

A) a fat-metabolizing enzyme
B) a fat-synthesizing hormone
C) the generation of heat
D) the generation of water
E) a release of oxygen, similar to oxygenation

Question 14

Imagine that, over time, an adult gains an extra 20 pounds of body weight. About how much of this weight gain is fat?

A) 5 lb
B) 10 lb
C) 12.5 lb
D) 15 lb
E) 18.5 lb

Question 15

Among the following, which has the greatest power to suppress hunger?

A) carrots
B) french fries
C) biscuits
D) potato chips
E) chocolate

Question 16

The thermic effect of food accounts for ________ of the average person's energy expenditure each day.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 40%
E) 50% or more

Question 17

What hormone becomes active in the stomach and causes satiation?

A) gastrin
B) adipokines
C) neuropeptide Y
D) cholecystokinin
E) pepsin

Question 18

Quiet metabolic activities account for about ________ of the average person's daily energy expenditures.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 40%
E) 50% or more

Question 19

Imagine an adult who loses 20 pounds of excess body weight through a starvation diet. About how much of this weight loss is lean tissue?

A) 2 lb
B) 4 lb
C) 5 lb
D) 10 lb
E) 15 lb

Question 20

What is the physiological fuel value?

A) the scientific measure of kcalories a food provides
B) the amount of oxygen consumed as energy is released
C) the feeling of satisfaction during or after a mean
D) the number of kcalories the body derives from a food
E) the energy needed to maintain life when the body is at complete rest

Question 21

Which of the following statements describes the thermic effect of foods (TEF)?

A) TEF is estimated at 25% of energy intake.
B) TEF plus an increase in the metabolic rate due to overeating is called diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT).
C) A meal eaten all at once has a lower TEF than one spread out over hours.
D) TEF is higher for high-fat foods than for high-carbohydrate foods.
E) TEF must be considered when estimating energy expenditure because its contribution to total energy output is substantial.

Question 22

Which of these is a feature of the body mass index?

A) It correlates with disease risks.
B) It decreases by 1 unit for every 20 years of life.
C) It provides an estimate of the total amount fat level of the body.
D) It is defined as the person's height divided by the square of the weight.
E) It is defined as the estimates amounts and percentage of muscle mass in the body.

Question 23

Which of the following parameters are essential to compute a woman's BMR?

A) body fat, height, and age
B) body weight, height, and age
C) physical activity level, body weight, and height
D) energy intake, physical activity level, and body weight
E) physical activity and age

Question 24

Which of the following represents the BMI of a person classified as overweight?

A) 15
B) 18.5
C) 22
D) 27
E) 34

Question 25

Imagine that Tom, a 51-year-old man, breaks his foot and is nonambulatory for 8 weeks. What term describes the increase in Tom's energy expenditures?

A) febrile hyperthermia
B) physical hyperthermia
C) specific thermogenesis
D) adaptive thermogenesis
E) stress hyperthermia

Question 26

Which of the following activities expends the fewest kcalories per pound (or kilogram) per minute?

A) vacuuming
B) golfing
C) studying
D) Wii boxing
E) gardening

Question 27

Running at 9 mph expends 0.103 kcalories per pound per minute. About how many kcalories will a 120-pound woman expend during a 30-minute run?

A) 13
B) 309
C) 370
D) 730
E) 903

Question 28

Which food component has the lowest thermic effect?

A) alcohol
B) fat
C) protein
D) carbohydrate
E) minerals

Question 29

What is the reason for excluding the value for adaptive thermogenesis when calculating energy requirements?

A) It is expensive to measure.
B) It is too variable to measure.
C) T he value is too low to be utilized in calculations .
D) The value is highly influenced by the dietary ratio of protein, fat, and carbohydrate.
E) All of these are correct

Question 30

An index of a person's weight in relation to height is called ____.

A) body mass index
B) height-to-weight index
C) ideal body weight index
D) desirable body weight index
E) BMR

Question 31

Which of the following factors raises the BMR?

A) sleep
B) a growing body
C) fasting
D) obesity
E) aging

Question 32

Which of the following can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat or central obesity?

A) BMI
B) height
C) age
D) waist circumference
E) Cholesterol Levels.

Question 33

Which term reflects the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight?

A) metabolic syndrome
B) body weight distribution
C) body mass index
D) body composition
E) relative energy index

Question 34

Which of the following factors lowers the BMR?

A) aging
B) fever
C) smoking
D) caffeine
E) cold temperatures

Question 35

Which of the following represents the BMI of a person classified as obese?

A) 15
B) 18.5
C) 22
D) 27
E) 34

Question 36

Which of the following would NOT be considered a valid recommendation for accepting a healthy body weight?

A) Seek the advice of friends and the fashion industry for criteria regarding appearance and body size.
B) Use positive, nonjudgmental descriptions of your body.
C) Accept positive comments from others.
D) Seek professional counseling to make gains in self-esteem beyond a focus on weight.
E) Never restrict food intake below the minimum levels that meet nutrient needs.

Question 37

A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed ________inches.

A) 26
B) 29
C) 35
D) 42
E) 55 inches

Question 38

Signs of illness, diminished work capacity, and poor reproductive function become apparent when the BMI is below ________.

A) 12
B) 14
C) 17
D) 18.5
E) 20

Question 39

Body fat content for normal-weight men 20-39 years of age should be ________.

A) 5-10%
B) 18-21%
C) 22-30%
D) 32-40%
E) 41-47%

Question 40

Which of the following has the most significant influence on the body's metabolic rate?

A) age
B) environmental temperature
C) amount of fat tissue
D) amount of lean body tissue
E) height

Question 41

Research shows high susceptibility to health problems when excess body fat is distributed around the ________.

A) neck
B) abdomen
C) hips and thighs
D) arms and shoulders
E) lower legs and feet

Question 42

A graph showing the relationship between mortality and body mass index is shaped like the a/n ________.

A) J
B) S
C) backslash
D) inverted U
E) forward slash

Question 43

Which of the following is a metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes?

A) subcutaneous fat
B) insulin resistance
C) thyroid insufficiency
D) hypothalamic impedance
E) islet cell pathology

Question 44

To assess body composition and central obesity, health-care professionals most often use BMI and

A) age and height
B) essential body fat
C) hydrodensitometry
D) waist circumference
E) adaptive thermogenesis efficiency

Question 45

In general, woman with a waist circumference greater than ________ inches and men with a waist circumference of greater than ________ inches have a high risk of central-obesity-related health problems.

A) 24, 32
B) 27, 38
C) 35, 40
D) 38, 27
E) 40, 35

Question 46

Which of the following is a health result of losing excess body weight?

A) It begins atherosclerosis.
B) It lowers HDL cholesterol.
C) It increases insulin resistance.
D) It raises the number of immune cells in adipose tissue.
E) It lowers blood pressure.

Question 47

What is the approximate body mass index of a woman who is 5 ft 5 in. and 215 lb?

A) 21
B) 26
C) 31
D) 36
E) 40

Question 48

Which method to assess body fat weighs a person on land and then again while submerged in water?

A) hydrodensitometry
B) skinfold measures
C) bioelectrical impedance
D) air-displacement plethysmography
E) DXA scan

Question 49

Which person would need more body fat than the others?

A) a professional ballet dancer
B) a pregnant woman
C) a high school basketball player
D) A ranch hand in Phoenix, Arizona
E) A bodybuilder

Question 50

What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight women 20-39 years of age?

A) 5-10%
B) 18-22%
C) 23-26%
D) 28-32%
E) 31-34%

Question 51

Fat that accumulates outside of adipose tissue is called "________."

A) visceral fat
B) subcutaneous fat
C) waist fat
D) dual fat
E) ectopic fat

Question 52

What term refers to the combination of risk factors-elevated fasting blood glucose, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids, and abdominal obesity-that greatly increase a person's risk of developing heart disease?

A) metabolic syndrome
B) progressive inflammatory disease
C) ectopic cluster syndrome
D) normal-weight obesity syndrome
E) immunological disease

Question 53

Research shows that ________ of women have suffered from anorexia nervosa at some point in their lives.

A) less than 1%
B) 2%
C) 3.5%
D) 5%
E) 10%

Question 54

Obesity is second only to _________ in causing premature deaths.

A) motor vehicle accidents
B) tobacco
C) underweight
D) suicide
E) alcohol

Question 55

Which term refers to fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs?

A) visceral fat
B) subcutaneous fat
C) waist fat
D) dual fat
E) ectopic fat

Question 56

Research shows that excess body fat distributed primarily around the abdomen ________.

A) is related directly to exercise
B) lowers the risk for diabetes
C) is less common in women past menopause
D) is associated with increased mortality for both sexes
E) is related to heart disease risk but not cancer

Question 57

Which statement accurately describes fat distribution?

A) Subcutaneous fat is called "central obesity."
B) Central obesity does not contribute to heart disease, cancers, and diabetes.
C) Subcutaneous fat contributes to heart disease, cancers, and diabetes.
D) Visceral fat is most common in women.
E) Body fat around the hips and thighs is most common in women during their reproductive years.

Question 58

Research shows less susceptibility to health problems when excess body fat is distributed around the ________.

A) stomach
B) arms and chest
C) hips and thighs
D) face and neck
E) shoulders

Question 59

Which method to assess body fat involves a chamber of computerized sensors, which is commonly called the "bod pod"?

A) hydrodensitometry
B) skinfold measures
C) bioelectrical impedance
D) air-displacement plethysmography
E) DXA scan

Question 60

Why are overweight or obese women at higher risk for cancer of the female reproductive system?

A) Obese women are more sedentary, which promotes cancer development.
B) Adipose tissue stores carcinogens in the body.
C) Excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote the development of cancer.
D) Obese women eat more food; therefore, they are exposed to more naturally occurring carcinogens.
E) Obese women have impaired immune function, so their ability to deal with cancer-causing viruses is diminished.

Question 61

The generation of heat is ____________________.

Question 62

____ is an immunological response to cellular injury characterized by an increase in white blood cells.

Question 63

What characterizes the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?

A) Binge eating usually occurs during the daytime as a reward for something done well.
B) Binge eating often involves nutritious foods in overabundance.
C) Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting.
D) A binge-eating episode is usually completed within 20 minutes.
E) Young women are particularly likely to have "binge buddies" with whom they binge.

Question 64

Which term refers to a psychiatric disorder characterized by a preoccupation with building body mass?

A) amenorrhea
B) bulimia
C) cathartic disordered eating
D) muscle dysmorphia
E) orthorexia nervosa

Question 65

____ is the painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food-seeking behavior.

Question 66

Excess fat in locations other than adipose tissue is ________.

Question 67

The body minus its fat is called "________."

Question 68

The proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight is the ________.

Question 69

How is binge eating different from bulimia nervosa?

A) Binge-eaters are depressed; bulimics enjoy good mental health.
B) Binge-eaters rarely purge. Bulimics almost always purge.
C) Binge-eaters eat more during a binge session than do bulimics.
D) Binge-eaters follow stricter diets than do bulimics.
E) Binge-eaters are more normal weight than are bulimics.

Question 70

A chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite is called "____________________."

Question 71

A person with a body mass index less than 18.5 is ________.

Question 72

The integrated response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food that initiates or delays eating is called "________."

Question 73

An agent that causes vomiting is a/n ________

A) dysmorphia
B) RED-S
C) emetic
D) cathartic
E) laxative

Question 75

Which term describes the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis?

A) female athlete triad
B) triathlete medical disorder
C) high stress tertiary disorder
D) nonadaptable training syndrome
E) athletic hormonal disruption

Question 76

The energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest is called "________."

Question 77

Which term refers to a relatively new food practice that uses restrictive diets, ritualized eating patterns, and rigid food avoidance?

A) amenorrhea
B) bulimia
C) cathartic disordered eating
D) muscle dysmorphia
E) orthorexia nervosa

Question 78

Which of the following describes a cathartic?

A) strong laxative
B) drug that induces vomiting
C) device to measure skinfold thickness
D) device to measure the energy of foods
E) drug that reduces nausea

Question 79

What is the first treatment objective when treating a patient with anorexia nervosa?

A) stop weight loss
B) eat foods with a lower energy density at first
C) decrease physical activity
D) eat foods with higher fiber content
E) decrease fat intake

Question 80

Which of the following represents the most common eating disorder among men and women of any age?

A) athlete triad
B) bulimia nervosa
C) anorexia nervosa
D) binge-eating disorder
E) carbohydrate addiction