Deck 16: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: the Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

Question 1

define the following term:
Aristotle

Answer 1

Answers may vary.

Question 2

define the following term:
alchemy and Hermetic magic

Answer 2

Answers may vary.

Question 3

define the following term:
Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 3

Answers may vary.

Question 4

How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the seventeenth century?

Question 5

define the following term:
geocentric conception

Question 6

define the following term:
epicycles

Question 7

Why is Descartes considered "the founder of modern rationalism," and how and why did rationalism influence the Western view of humankind?

Question 8

define the following term:
Ptolemaic universe

Question 9

define the following term:
the Empyrean Heaven

Question 10

What factors propelled the development of new scientific theories and methods in the seventeenth century?

Question 11

What relationships existed between scientists and religious authorities?

Question 12

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did male scientists view women and female scientists?

Question 13

define the following term:
"natural philosophers"

Question 14

What impact did the new scientific conception of the universe and the natural world have on Western society and secular authorities?

Question 15

Compare and contrast the methods used by Bacon and Descartes. Would Pascal agree with the methods and interests of these men? Why or why not?

Question 16

define the following term:
Scientific Revolution

Question 17

To what extent did the Scientific Revolution represent a revolutionary break with the past, and to what extent was it a continuation of old modes of thinking, knowledge, and perspectives?

Question 18

Why were seventeenth-century European intellectuals so intent on developing methods of study for entire bodies and specific fields of human knowledge? What did it mean then to become a methodical (or systematic)thinker or researcher?

Question 19

What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine? Be specific and give examples.

Question 20

What were the contributions of Isaac Newton to a new vision of the universe? Does he deserve to be considered the most significant figure from the Scientific Revolution? Why or why not?

Question 21

define the following term:
four bodily humors

Question 22

define the following term:
Tycho Brahe

Question 23

define the following term:
world-machine

Question 24

define the following term:
On the Fabric of the Human Body

Question 25

define the following term:
"new drugs"

Question 26

define the following term:
Galen

Question 27

define the following term:
Isaac Newton

Question 28

define the following term:
William Harvey

Question 29

define the following term:
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Question 30

define the following term:
the Inquisition

Question 31

define the following term:
Andreas Vesalius

Question 32

define the following term:
universal law of gravitation

Question 33

define the following term:
heliocentric conception

Question 34

define the following term:
Johannes Kepler

Question 35

define the following term:
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems

Question 36

define the following term:
The Starry Messenger

Question 37

define the following term:
three laws of planetary motion

Question 38

define the following term:
Principia

Question 39

define the following term:
Galileo Galilei

Question 40

define the following term:
Paracelsus

Question 41

define the following term:
Blaise Pascal

Question 42

define the following term:
Maria Winkelmann

Question 43

define the following term:
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood

Question 44

define the following term:
querelles des femmes

Question 45

define the following term:
Discourse on Method

Question 46

define the following term:
English Royal Society

Question 47

define the following term:
Benedict de Spinoza's pantheism

Question 48

define the following term:
empiricism

Question 49

define the following term:
Francis Bacon's inductive method

Question 50

define the following term:
Maria Sibylla Merian

Question 51

define the following term:
Robert Boyle

Question 52

define the following term:
Cartesian dualism

Question 53

define the following term:
"I think therefore I am"

Question 54

define the following term:
Scientific method

Question 55

define the following term:
rationalism

Question 56

define the following term:
Margaret Cavendish

Question 57

define the following term:
Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner

Question 58

define the following term:
René Descartes

Question 59

define the following term:
Antoine Lavoisier

Question 60

define the following term:
Pensées

Question 61

Which of the following is not true of the ideas of Copernicus?

A)they raised serious questions about Aristotle's astronomy and physics.
B)they revealed Copernicus to be basically conservative.
C)they seemed to create uncertainty about the role of humans in the universe.
D)they resulted in a system much less complicated than that of Ptolemy.
E)they cast into doubt God's location in the universe.

Question 62

Which of the following created three laws of planetary motion that helped disprove the basic structure of the Ptolemaic system?

A)Johannes Kepler.
B)Tycho Brahe.
C)Nicolaus Copernicus.
D)Galileo.
E)Isaac Newton.

Question 63

Galileo wrote

A)Pensées .
B)a translation of the Bible in Italian.
C)The Starry Messenger .
D)On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres .
E)Principia .

Question 64

Renaissance humanists' mastery of Greek made new works of which of the following available?

A)Archimedes.
B)Galen.
C)Ptolemy.
D)Plato.
E)All of the above.

Question 65

Copernicus's major book was titled

A)On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres .
B)Novum Organum .
C)Principia .
D)On the Motion of the Heart and Blood .
E)The Great Instauration .

Question 66

Scholars devoted to Hermeticism

A)believed that the world was a very recent and still imperfect creation.
B)credited the devil with control over the dark secrets of nature.
C)saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.
D)retreated from study of the natural world to concentrate on mastery of theories of magic.
E)all of the above.

Question 67

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that

A)the planets are made of earth-like material.
B)planetary orbits are elliptical.
C)the stars are immensely far away.
D)everything is an illusion.
E)the moon orbits around the earth.

Question 68

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

A)working out the theory of inertia.
B)making accurate observations of the planets.
C)calculating the pull of gravity on the tides by the moon.
D)calculating the distance to the sun.
E)inventing the astrolabe.

Question 69

According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

A)Astronomy.
B)Art.
C)Biology.
D)The Bible.
E)Mathematics.

Question 70

Copernicus supported the heliocentric conception of the universe because

A)as a Protestant, he felt free to interpret Scripture in a non-literal fashion.
B)it earned him entrance into the Royal Academy of Science.
C)it offered a simpler and more accurate explanation for the observed motions of heavenly bodies.
D)he wanted to prove the theories of his patron, the prince of Parma
E)he argued that the sun is the source of all energy on earth.

Question 71

define the following term:
Journal des Savants

Question 72

define the following term:
Philosophical Transactions

Question 73

The cosmological views of the Later Middle Ages held that which of the following was the center of the universe?

A)The sun.
B)The earth.
C)Heaven.
D)The epicycles.
E)The moon.

Question 74

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

A)God's master plan.
B)the geocentric conception.
C)the lunacentric conception.
D)the expanding universe.
E)the pantheistic theory.

Question 75

All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except

A)the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.
B)mathematical and naturalistic skills of Renaissance artists.
C)the Hermetic belief in magic and alchemy.
D)the humanists' rediscovery of Greek mathematicians and thinkers.
E)the inspired work of a few intellectuals.

Question 76

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

A)astronomy, medicine, and mechanics.
B)astronomy, botany, and chemistry
C)biology, mechanics, and ballistics
D)engineering, physics, and dentistry
E)biology, surgery, and astronomy

Question 77

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

A)Galileo.
B)Copernicus.
C)Brahe.
D)Kepler.
E)Newton.

Question 78

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century

A)was stimulated by a revived interest in ancient authorities, whose works were unknown in the medieval period.
B)directly resulted from reaction and revolt against the social and historical conditions of the Middle Ages.
C)was largely due to a monastic revolution in education.
D)although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.
E)represented a complete break with the past.

Question 79

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was

A)condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.
B)broad approval motivated by their now higher educational achievements and interest in the sciences.
C)support in the form of a papal decree praising his innovative thinking.
D)the calling of the Council of Dort by Protestants and Catholics to question the astronomer closely prior to trial for blasphemy.
E)apathy because his calculations were revealed to contain numerous mathematical errors.

Question 80

define the following term:
French Royal Academy of Sciences