Deck 48: Processing and Testing Urine and Stool Specimens

Question 1

The procedure during which a sterile plastic tube is inserted to provide urinary drainage is ____.

A) the urine specific gravity
B) the urinometer measurement
C) catheterization
D) a random urine specimen
E) a 24-hour urine specimen

Answer 1

catheterization

Question 2

What amount of residual urine is considered abnormal?

A) 10 mL
B) 25 mL
C) 40 mL
D) 50 mL
E) 70 mL

Answer 2

50 mL

Question 3

Which type of catheter is used to collect specimens or to instill medications?

A) Splinting
B) Retention
C) Straight
D) Urethral
E) Indwelling

Answer 3

Straight

Question 4

Which type of urine specimen can be used to measure a patient's urinary output or analyze substances collected over a specified period of time?

A) Random urine specimen
B) Clean-catch midstream urine specimen
C) Timed urine specimen
D) First morning urine specimen
E) Qualitative specimen

Question 5

Which of the following would you include in patient instruction about collecting a 24-hour urine specimen?

A) Tell the patient to collect all urine starting with the first voided specimen
B) Encourage the patient to use a bedpan
C) Explain to the patient that the small collection container must not be washed between uses
D) Instruct the patient to keep the specimen covered and in the refrigerator throughout the test
E) Return the sample to the office or deliver it to the laboratory within 1 week of collection

Question 6

Catheterization is performed for which of the following reasons?

A) Obtain a specific gravity
B) Relieve urinary retention
C) Obtain a random urine specimen
D) Prevent urinary infection
E) Prevent kidney disease

Question 7

Which of the following is the most common type of urine sample?

A) Timed urine specimen
B) Random urine specimen
C) First morning urine specimen
D) Clean-catch midstream urine specimen
E) 24-hour urine specimen

Question 8

Which type of catheter is inserted after plastic repair of the ureter and must remain in place for at least a week after surgery?

A) Straight
B) Urethral
C) Retention
D) Indwelling
E) Splinting

Question 9

A pregnant patient who tells you that she is having pain during urination or in the kidney area may be experiencing ____.

A) a urinary infection or kidney stones
B) preeclampsia
C) diabetes mellitus
D) weak bladder muscles
E) alkalosis

Question 10

A urine specimen for culture can be obtained either through catheterization or by obtaining a ____.

A) random urine specimen
B) clean-catch midstream urine specimen
C) first morning urine specimen
D) 24-hour urine specimen
E) timed urine specimen

Question 11

Which of the following is a general urine collection guideline?

A) Label the lid of a urine specimen container with the patient's name
B) If the collection container contains liquid or powdered preservative, pour it out before obtaining the specimen
C) Explain the procedure to the patient using technical terminology
D) Tell patients to refrigerate the labeled collection container or keep it in a cooler or pail filled with ice
E) Instruct patients to add alcohol to a sample collected at home to preserve the sample

Question 12

A pregnant patient's urine is checked for abnormal levels of protein during a prenatal visit to detect ____.

A) diabetes mellitus
B) preeclampsia
C) urinary infection
D) bleeding
E) urine leakage

Question 13

Which urine specimen is collected after a night's sleep and contains greater concentrations of substances?

A) First morning urine specimen
B) Random urine specimen
C) Timed urine specimen
D) Clean-catch midstream urine specimen
E) 24-hour urine specimen

Question 14

Which of the following would you include in teaching a female patient how to collect a clean-catch midstream urine specimen?

A) Remove the lid of the specimen container and place the lid facing down a flat surface
B) Wipe down one side of the perineal area with the first towelette, down the other side with the second towelette, and down the middle with the third towelette
C) Void directly into the specimen container without discarding any urine
D) Keep the urine specimen warm while bringing it to the physician's office
E) Wipe around the inside edge of the collection container to clean it after collecting the specimen.

Question 15

Residual urine is ____.

A) the leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urination
B) urine that is collected over a 24-hour period
C) urine remaining in the bladder after voiding
D) urine that is normally voided
E) urine collected by an indwelling urethral catheter

Question 16

Which of the following may indicate polycystic kidney disease?

A) Anuria
B) Oliguria
C) Proteinuria
D) Hematuria
E) Ketonuria

Question 17

When you instruct a patient about how to collect a 24-hour urine specimen, which patient should you ask about possible leakage when laughing or coughing?

A) 5-year-old female patient
B) 30-year-old male patient
C) 60-year-old female patient
D) 18-year-old male patient
E) 12-year-old female patient

Question 18

Which type of catheter is used for drainage through a wound that leads to the bladder?

A) Cystostomy
B) Straight
C) Indwelling
D) Retention
E) Splinting

Question 19

Which urine specimen is used to complete a quantitative and qualitative analysis of one or more substances such as sodium, chloride, or calcium?

A) 24-hour specimen
B) Random urine specimen
C) Clean-catch midstream urine specimen
D) First morning urine specimen
E) Timed urine specimen

Question 20

The type of urine specimen that may be submitted for culturing to identify the number and the types of pathogens present is the ____.

A) timed urine specimen
B) 24-hour urine specimen
C) clean-catch midstream urine specimen
D) first morning urine specimen
E) random urine specimen

Question 21

Renal or urethral obstruction and renal failure can cause ____.

A) nocturia
B) anuria
C) ketonuria
D) pentosuria
E) glycosuria

Question 22

Abnormally high levels of glucose in the urine may indicate ____.

A) a urinary infection
B) phenylketonuria
C) diabetes mellitus
D) bleeding
E) hypertension

Question 23

39.Hematuria is ____.

A) protein in the urine
B) white blood cells in the urine
C) glucose in the urine
D) ketones in the urine
E) blood in the urine

Question 24

Which of the following are nonpathologic causes for colorless or pale urine?

A) Low fluid intake and excessive sweating
B) Excessive intake of water, beer, and coffee
C) Taking vitamin B
D) Strict vegetarian diet
E) Specimen collection first thing in the morning

Question 25

A urine odor characterized as "fruity" is present in ____.

A) uncontrolled diabetes
B) phenylketonuria
C) urinary tract infections
D) a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
E) polycystic kidney disease

Question 26

Which of the following refers to an insufficient production of urine?

A) Oliguria
B) Nocturia
C) Anuria
D) Ketonuria
E) Glycosuria

Question 27

Which of the following statements about refrigerating urine specimens is true?

A) It causes changes in the physical, chemical, and microscopic makeup of the urine, causing the test to be invalid.
B) It may affect the sediment and specific gravity.
C) It should never be used as a method of storing or preserving urine.
D) It is acceptable only if the urine must be kept for 2 or more days.
E) It causes bacterial growth to accelerate.

Question 28

Chemical and microscopic changes that invalidate a urine specimen occur if the urine is kept at room temperature for more than ____.

A) 2 minutes
B) 5 minutes
C) 20 minutes
D) 30 minutes
E) 1 hour

Question 29

The normal urine value for protein is ____.

A) negative to trace
B) few
C) moderate
D) <100 mcg
E) 10 to 100 mcg

Question 30

Which of the following is a measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the urine?

A) Specific gravity
B) Urine sediment
C) Urinary pH
D) Urobilinogen
E) Urine culture

Question 31

Which of the following measures the concentration of substances dissolved in urine?

A) Urinary volume
B) Specific gravity
C) Turbidity
D) Urinary pH
E) Urinary culture

Question 32

Normal urine color ranges from ____.

A) orange to dark red
B) yellow-brown to brown
C) salmon pink to light red
D) pale yellow to yellow
E) pale orange to brown

Question 33

The correct procedure for testing for ketones using a reagent strip includes ____.

A) using a strip you found sitting out on the counter
B) using a strip from a bottle that was opened 7 months ago
C) testing urine immediately or covering and refrigerating it until you can test it
D) testing a urine sample immediately after removing it from the refrigerator
E) running a control sample once a year to check for proper operation

Question 34

With adequate fluid intake, the average adult daily urine output is ____ mL per 24 hours.

A) 460
B) 720
C) 950
D) 1100
E) 1250

Question 35

Increased specific gravity occurs in ____.

A) chronic renal disease
B) urinary tract infection
C) diabetes insipidus
D) systemic lupus erythematosus
E) overhydration

Question 36

Which of the following is important when obtaining a urine specimen from a patient for drug and alcohol testing?

A) Tell the patient that the results will be released only with his permission.
B) Inform the patient that any drugs consumed longer than 7 days before the test will not show up.
C) Explain to the patient that no water may be running in the bathroom while he is providing the sample.
D) Instruct the patient to take the specimen to the laboratory as soon as possible.
E) Measure and record the temperature within 30 minutes of collection.

Question 37

Which of the following is one of the first signs of liver disease?

A) Glycosuria
B) Anuria
C) Bilirubinuria
D) Phenylketonuria
E) Proteinuria

Question 38

Which of the following is necessary when you are measuring specific gravity with a reagent strip?

A) Use a refrigerated urine specimen
B) Read the results 30 minutes after dipping
C) Check the expiration date on the reagent strip container
D) Blot the test pads of the reagent strip
E) Allow sediment to fall to the bottom before testing

Question 39

Intermediary products of fat and protein metabolism in the body are ____.

A) phenylketones
B) ketone bodies
C) nitrites
D) leukocytes
E) cystine crystals

Question 40

Which of the following would you include when measuring specific gravity with a refractometer?

A) Use a specimen that was collected at least 2 hours ago
B) Calibrate the refractometer once a week
C) Place three drops of the specimen under the lid of the refractometer
D) Turn on the light and look into the eyepiece to measure refraction
E) Clean the refractometer and dropper every three days

Question 41

The presence of which of the following in the urine suggests a bacterial infection in the urinary tract?

A) Nitrite
B) Blood
C) Glucose
D) Protein
E) Bilirubin

Question 42

When a physician suspects that a patient has a protozoal or parasitic infection, what is the minimum number of stool specimens that need to be examined?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 43

Which of the following is commonly found in renal disease, in pregnant patients, or after heavy exercise?

A) Glycosuria
B) Proteinuria
C) Bilirubinuria
D) Phenylketonuria
E) Hematuria

Question 44

Which of the following are present in large amounts in the urine if inflammation is present?

A) Proteins
B) Bilirubin
C) White blood cells
D) Phenylketones
E) Glucose

Question 45

Which of the following is the most common urinary parasite?

A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Beta-Hemolytic streptococci
C) Escherichia coli
D) Trichomoniasis vaginalis
E) Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 46

You are performing a microscopic examination of Mr. Henderson's urine sample. Under high-power magnification, you see the items shown in the picture. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A) Vigorous exercise
B) Pyelonephritis
C) Heavy-metal poisoning
D) Renal ischemia
E) Allergic reaction

Question 47

Wendy has provided a random urine sample and has returned to the examination room. You notice that the sample is a blue-green color. Which of the following questions would you ask Wendy to help rule out nonpathologic causes for the unusual color?

A) "Are you a vegetarian?"
B) "How much coffee have you drunk in the last 2 hours?"
C) "Did you have asparagus for lunch?"
D) "Are you taking any prescription medications, such as Primaquine?"
E) "Are you taking an iron supplement?"

Question 48

Which of the following is part of the medical assistant's responsibility in collecting and testing urine and stool samples?

A) Work directly with bloodborne pathogens
B) Dispose of specimens in the trashcan after use
C) Wear adequate personal protective equipment
D) Diagnose urinary infections
E) Analyze patient health based on test results

Question 49

If the physician suspects a patient has a protozoal or parasitic infection, what type of specimen may she order?

A) First morning urine specimen
B) Clean-catch midstream urine specimen
C) . 24-hour urine specimen
D) Random urine specimen
E) . O&P specimen

Question 50

A rare condition caused by transfusion reactions, malaria, drug reactions, snakebites, or severe burns is ____.

A) myoglobinuria
B) hemoglobinuria
C) bilirubinuria
D) phenylketonuria
E) glycosuria

Question 51

A genetically inherited disorder in which the body cannot properly metabolize the nutrient phenylalanine, resulting in mental retardation, is ____.

A) hemoglobinuria
B) myoglobinuria
C) bilirubinuria
D) glycosuria
E) phenylketonuria

Question 52

The best urine specimen to test for nitrates is a ____.

A) random specimen
B) first morning specimen
C) 24-hour urine specimen
D) timed specimen
E) clean-catch midstream specimen

Question 53

The liquid portion from the tube of urine that is discarded down the drain after the centrifuge stops is called the ____.

A) supernatant
B) urinalysis
C) specific gravity
D) urinary pH
E) sediment

Question 54

In your office, patients collect samples using the patient restroom and leave the samples on the back of the toilet. You send April into the restroom after giving her the collection kit, including three towelettes, and instructing her on how to perform a clean-catch midstream urine specimen. After she returns to the exam room and you go into the restroom to collect the specimen, you notice the three towelette packages, unopened, in the trashcan. What should you do?

A) Process the urine sample as usual; the towelettes are not important.
B) Let April know that you know she did not follow instructions, but proceed to process the sample.
C) Process the urine sample as usual, but make a note in April's record that this is not a clean-catch sample.
D) Explain the instructions again and send April back to the restroom to produce another sample.
E) Inform the physician or your supervisor and ask whether you should process the sample.

Question 55

Which of the following are frequently associated with vaginitis, urethritis, and prostatitis?

A) Red blood cells
B) Yeast cells
C) Glucose
D) Protein
E) Ketones

Question 56

Which of the following conditions is suspected when a reagent urine strip for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) shows positive?

A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Pregnancy
C) Polycystic kidney disease
D) Sickle cell anemia
E) Chronic renal disease

Question 57

Which of the following is important in processing a urine specimen for microscopic examination of sediment?

A) Fill one test tube with 2 mL of water and the other test tube with 2 mL of urine
B) Balance the centrifuge by placing the test tubes upside down
C) Set the centrifuge for 20 minutes
D) After the centrifuge stops, discard most of the supernatant from the tube
E) Avoid using a coverslip on the specimen slide

Question 58

Tyrone has provided a random urine sample, and you are performing a routine urinalysis. The specific gravity of the urine is 1.043. Which of the following conditions might the physician suspect based on this result?

A) Hepatic disease
B) Overhydration
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Chronic renal disease
E) Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true about patient collection of a stool sample?

A) The sample can be collected in a clean waxed-paper carton.
B) The sample should be kept warm if transport to the lab is delayed.
C) A stool sample cannot be collected from a diaper.
D) Using a tongue depressor to transfer the specimen will contaminate it.
E) The sample must not be contaminated with urine.

Question 60

When you obtain a urine specimen for drug or alcohol analysis, you must establish a proper ________.

Question 61

The type of cells pictured here are ________ cells.

Question 62

A genetically inherited disorder in which the body cannot properly metabolize the nutrient phenylalanine is ________ (PKU).

Question 63

A(n) ________ urine specimen contains greater concentrations of substances that collect overnight than do specimens taken during the day.

Question 64

The crystals found in urine and pictured here are ________ crystals.

Question 65

The epithelial cells found in urine and pictured here are ________ cells.

Question 66

Patients that are dehydrated, have a decreased fluid intake, are in shock, or have renal disease may have an insufficient production (or volume) of urine. This is called ________.

Question 67

The ________ midstream urine specimen may be collected and submitted for culturing to identify the number and the types of pathogens present and requires special cleansing of the external genitalia to avoid contamination.

Question 68

The microscopic cast found in urine and pictured here is a(n) ________ cast.

Question 69

A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is a test for ________, or occult, blood in the stool.

Question 70

Presence of the bile pigment bilirubin in the urine, called ________, is one of the first signs of liver disease or conditions that involve the liver.

Question 71

The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine is known as ________, a rare condition caused by transfusion reactions, malaria, drug reactions, snakebites, or severe burns.

Question 72

Cylinder-shaped elements with flat or rounded ends that are formed when protein from the breakdown of cells accumulates and precipitates in the kidney tubules and are washed into the urine are called ________.

Question 73

Injured or damaged muscle tissue can cause ________, which is the presence of myoglobin in the urine.

Question 74

Catheters used to withdraw fluids, including Foley, retention, ureteral, and straight versions, are collectively known as ________ catheters.

Question 75

The procedure in which a sterile plastic tube is inserted into the kidney, ureter, or bladder to provide urinary drainage is called ________.

Question 76

Occurring in patients with diabetes, ________ is the presence of significant glucose in the urine.

Question 77

Renal or urethral obstruction and renal failure can cause absence of urine production, known as ________.

Question 78

The presence of blood in the urine, or ________, can be caused by cystitis, kidney stones, menstruation, ureteral or bladder catheters, or urethral irritation.

Question 79

For an O&P test, you should obtain both a fresh and a(n) ________ stool specimen for examination.

Question 80

Naturally produced solids of definite form that are commonly seen in urine specimens and usually do not indicate a significant disorder are ________.