Deck 3: Nature,nurture and Human Diversity

Question 1

The large, slow brain waves associated with NREM-3 sleep are called

A) sleep spindles.
B) delta waves.
C) alpha waves.
D) REMs.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is a stress hormone that stimulates the body to make fat?

A) leptin
B) Cortisol
C) Melatonin
D) NPY

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The experience of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by

A) LSD.
B) heroin.
C) Nembutal.
D) amphetamines.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers best illustrates the importance of

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) REM rebound.
C) biological rhythms.
D) dual processing.

Question 5

Narcolepsy is associated with a relative absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces

A) leptin.
B) orexin.
C) melatonin
D) THC

Question 6

Hallucinations similar to those that accompany the near-death experience can be produced by

A) oxygen deprivation.
B) change blindness.
C) narcolepsy.
D) dissociation.

Question 7

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of

A) dissociation.
B) narcolepsy.
C) tolerance.
D) hallucinations.

Question 8

Nicotine triggers a(n) ________ in anxiety and a(n) ________ in mental alertness.

A) increase; decrease
B) increase; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 9

People who claim to have been abducted by space aliens-often shortly after going to bed-commonly recall being floated off their beds. It is most likely that they have incorporated ________ into their memories.

A) sleep spindles
B) Narcolepsy
C) hypnagogic sensations
D) sleep apnea

Question 10

Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to

A) weight loss.
B) increased creativity.
C) suppression of the immune system.
D) decreased blood pressure.

Question 11

The distinction between manifest content and latent content is central to ________ theory of dreams.

A) the neural activation
B) the information processing
C) Freud's wish-fulfillment
D) Hilgard's dissociation

Question 12

The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates

A) narcolepsy.
B) withdrawal.
C) REM rebound.
D) dissociation.

Question 13

Bright light inhibits our feelings of sleepiness by influencing the production of

A) melatonin.
B) dopamine.
C) MDMA.
D) THC.

Question 14

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by

A) decreasing REM sleep.
B) increasing anxiety.
C) decreasing sleep apnea.
D) increasing self-consciousness.

Question 15

Selective attention is best illustrated by

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) neuroadaptation.
C) change blindness.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 16

Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) the circadian rhythm.
D) dissociation.

Question 17

The simultaneous processing of information on many parallel tracks is most closely associated with

A) REM rebound.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) unconscious mental activity.

Question 18

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-arousing hormone

A) melatonin.
B) ghrelin.
C) leptin.
D) serotonin.

Question 19

The neural activation theory provides a physiological explanation for

A) dreaming.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) hypnosis.

Question 20

Dr. Brooks seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments, their limited sense of life purpose, and the altered functioning of their neurotransmitter systems. Dr. Brooks is most clearly using a(n) ________ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

A) Suprachiasmatic
B) biopsychosocial
C) parallel processing
D) neural activation

Question 21

As defined by the text, consciousness includes which of the following?

A) focused attention
B) sleeping
C) hypnosis
D) all of these conditions

Question 22

Which of the following was NOT cited in the text as evidence that heredity influences alcohol use?

A) Children whose parents abuse alcohol have a lower tolerance for multiple
Alcoholic drinks taken over a short period of time.
B) Boys who are impulsive and fearless at age 6 are more likely to drink as teenagers.
C) Laboratory mice have been selectively bred to prefer alcohol to water.
D) Adopted children are more susceptible if one or both of their biological parents

Question 23

How a particular psychoactive drug affects a person depends on

A) the dosage and form in which the drug is taken.
B) the user's expectations and personality.
C) the situation in which the drug is taken.
D) all of these conditions.

Question 24

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep?

A) genital arousal
B) increased muscular tension
C) night terrors
D) alpha waves

Question 25

Which of the following sleep disorders is most strongly associated with obesity?

A) narcolepsy
B) insomnia
C) night terrors
D) sleep apnea

Question 26

To prevent or reduce marijuana use, young people should be educated about

A) the tendency for teens to underestimate marijuana usage among their peers.
B) the increased self-consciousness caused by marijuana use.
C) the need for increasingly larger doses of marijuana to produce the desired high.
D) the long-term costs of regular marijuana use.

Question 27

A person who requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to feel its effect is said to have developed

A) tolerance.
B) physical dependency.
C) psychological dependency.
D) resistance.

Question 28

Those who believe that hypnosis is a social phenomenon argue that "hypnotized" individuals are

A) consciously faking their behavior.
B) merely acting out a role.
C) underachievers striving to please the hypnotist.
D) doing all of these things.

Question 29

At its beginning, psychology focused on the study of

A) observable behavior.
B) consciousness.
C) abnormal behavior.
D) all of these behaviors.

Question 30

I am a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria and social intimacy by triggering the release of dopamine and serotonin. What am I?

A) LSD
B) MDMA
C) THC
D) cocaine

Question 31

The perceptual error in which we fail to see an object when our attention is directed elsewhere is

A) dissociation.
B) inattentional blindness.
C) perceptual adaptation.
D) divided consciousness.

Question 32

Alcohol has the most profound effect on

A) the transfer of experiences to long-term memory.
B) immediate memory.
C) previously established long-term memories.
D) all of these factors.

Question 33

All of the following are common misconceptions about addiction, EXCEPT the statement that

A) to overcome an addiction a person almost always needs professional therapy.
B) psychoactive and medicinal drugs very quickly lead to addiction.
C) biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction.
D) many other repetitive, pleasure-seeking behaviors fit the drug-addiction-as-

Question 34

People who heard unusual phrases prior to sleep were awakened each time they began REM sleep. The fact that they remembered less the next morning provides support for the ________ theory of dreaming.

A) manifest content
B) Physiological
C) information-processing
D) cognitive development

Question 35

Circadian rhythms are the

A) brain waves that occur during deep sleep.
B) muscular tremors that occur during opiate withdrawal.
C) regular body cycles that occur on a 24-hour schedule.
D) brain waves that are indicative of NREM-2 sleep.

Question 36

A person whose EEG shows a high proportion of alpha waves is most likely

A) dreaming.
B) in NREM-2 sleep.
C) in NREM-3 sleep.
D) awake and relaxed.

Question 37

According to Freud, dreams are

A) a symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes.
B) the result of random neural activity in the brainstem.
C) the brain's mechanism for self-stimulation.
D) the disguised expressions of inner conflicts.

Question 38

Consciousness is defined in the text as

A) mental life.
B) selective attention to ongoing perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.
C) information processing.
D) our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a stimulant?

A) Amphetamines
B) Nicotine
C) Caffeine
D) alcohol

Question 40

During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?

A) NREM-2
B) NREM-3
C) NREM-1
D) REM sleep

Question 41

As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience

A) an increase in REM sleep.
B) sleep apnea.
C) insomnia.
D) dissociation.

Question 42

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

A) NREM-3 sleep.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM sleep.

Question 43

According to Freud, people dream in order to

A) give expression to personally threatening drives and wishes.
B) prepare themselves for the challenges of the following day.
C) strengthen their memories of the preceding day's events.
D) accomplish all of these goals.

Question 44

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) LSD.

Question 45

Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through

A) the power of suggestion.
B) the placebo effect.
C) alteration of neural activity in the brain.
D) psychological, not physiological, influences.

Question 46

Which of the following preventive measures would have the greatest impact on average life expectancy?

A) eliminating obesity
B) eliminating smoking
C) eliminating sleep deprivation
D) eliminating binge drinking

Question 47

Brain activity indicative of conscious awareness is most likely to involve synchronized activity across various regions of the

A) cerebral cortex.
B) hypothalamus.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
D) dopamine reward system.

Question 48

The sleep-waking cycles of young people who stay up too late typically are ________ hours in duration.

A) 23
B) 24
C) 25
D) 26

Question 49

The sleep cycle is approximately ________ minutes.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 75
D) 90

Question 50

Which of the following is classified as a depressant?

A) methamphetamine
B) LSD
C) Marijuana
D) alcohol

Question 51

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

A) night terrors.
B) Anarcolepsy.
C) sleep spindles
D) sleep apnea.

Question 52

Which of the following best illustrates dual processing?

A) Jack experiences uncontrollable sleep attacks in which he falls directly into REM sleep.
B) Despite the loud conversations around her, Karen is able to concentrate on what her friend is saying.
C) At the soccer game, Gavin misses seeing a goal kick when his cell phone Rings
D) While listening to the symphony, Marisol concentrates on what the pianist

Question 53

Alcohol consumption ________ sympathetic nervous system activity and ________ self-awareness.

A) decreases; decreases
B) increases; increases
C) decreases; increases
D) increases; decreases

Question 54

Which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?

A) People will do anything under hypnosis.
B) Hypnosis is the same as sleeping.
C) Hypnosis is in part an extension of the division between conscious awareness
And automatic behavior.
D) Hypnosis improves memory recall.

Question 55

After completing a full night of sleep, people are most likely to

A) experience REM rebound.
B) think more creatively.
C) show signs of sleep apnea.
D) demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Question 56

Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep?

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-3
C) NREM-2
D) REM sleep

Question 57

The lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported by

A) Asian-Americans.
B) Hispanic-Americans.
C) African-Americans.
D) Native Americans.

Question 58

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of

A) dissociation.
B) narcolepsy.
C) tolerance.
D) hallucinations.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?

A) Dreams facilitate information processing.
B) Dreaming stimulates the developing brain.
C) Dreams result from random neural activity originating in the brainstem.
D) Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation.

Question 60

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal

A) circadian rhythm.\
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) alpha wave pattern.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 61

Felix was so preoccupied with his girlfriend's good looks that he failed to perceive any of her less admirable characteristics. This best illustrates the dangers of

A) neuroadaptation.
B) selective attention.
C) hypnagogic sensations.
D) choice blindness.

Question 62

In the United States and Canada, people today sleep ________ than people did a century ago.

A) less
B) slightly more
C) much more
D) neither more nor less

Question 63

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her roommate feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the roommate should

A) feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime.
B) make an all-night audiotape of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping.
C) wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming.
D) wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

Question 64

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 65

Compared with ordinary cocaine, crack produces a ________ intense high followed by a ________ intense crash.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 66

People at one Swedish supermarket were invited to taste two markedly different jams and then pick their preferred jam to retaste. Fooled by trick jars, they readily explained their jam preference without realizing that they had actually retasted their nonpreferred jam. Their failure to notice anything odd best illustrated

A) neuroadaptation.
B) choice blindness.
C) the pop-out phenomenon.
D) posthypnotic suggestion.

Question 67

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in

A) dissociation.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) posthypnotic suggestion.
D) physical growth.

Question 68

Mark's abuse of alcohol and other addictive drugs is influenced by genetic factors, by the ready availability of drugs in Mark's neighborhood, and by Mark's failure to accurately assess the risks associated with drug usage. An understanding of Mark's difficulties within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by

A) a dual-processing theory.
B) a neural activation perspective.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) the neuroadaptation model.

Question 69

Human body temperatures typically

A) rise with the approach of morning and fall with the approach of night.
B) rise with the approach of night and fall with the approach of morning.
C) rise with the approach of NREM-1 sleep and fall with the approach of REM sleep.
D) rise with the approach of REM sleep and fall with the approach of NREM-1

Question 70

Nicotine triggers a(n) ________ in blood pressure and a(n) ________ in pain sensitivity.

A) increase; decrease
B) increase; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 71

Research indicates that hypnotherapy is especially helpful for the treatment of

A) obesity.
B) nail biting.
C) alcohol abuse.smoking addiction.

Question 72

One version of neural activation theory best helps to explain why

A) most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life events.
B) people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.
C) dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form.
D) individuals with sleep apnea are unable to recall any of their dreams.

Question 73

Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users.

A) Alcohol
B) morphine
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 74

Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is ________ by slow-wave sleep, which occurs mostly in the ________ half of a long night's sleep.

A) inhibited; first
B) facilitated; first
C) inhibited; second
D) facilitated; second

Question 75

Consciousness is most important for the correct performance of behaviors that

A) depend on information processing.
B) require physical coordination skills.
C) have been learned through repeated practice.
D) are novel and challenging.

Question 76

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are

A) barbiturates.
B) amphetamines.
C) opiates.
D) mild hallucinogens.

Question 77

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

A) REM sleep.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) dissociation.

Question 78

Dissociation refers to

A) a state of divided consciousness.
B) a state of paradoxical sleep.
C) conscious enactment of a hypnotic role.
D) nonconformity to social pressure.

Question 79

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

A) REM rebound.
B) menstrual cycle.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) hypnagogic state.

Question 80

People become unresponsive to hypnosis if told that those who are highly gullible are easily hypnotized. This fact is most consistent with the theory that hypnosis involves

A) dissociation.
B) conscious role playing.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) hypnagogic sensations.