Deck 16: Capital Structure: Limits to the Use of Debt

Question 1

Corporations in Europe tend to:

A)minimize taxes.
B)underutilize debt.
C)rely less on equity financing than they should.
D)have extremely high debt-equity ratios.
E)rely more heavily on bonds than stocks as the major source of financing.

Answer 1

underutilize debt.

Question 2

The optimal capital structure has been achieved when the:

A)debt-equity ratio is equal to 1.
B)weight of equity is equal to the weight of debt.
C)cost of equity is maximized given a pre-tax cost of debt.
D)debt-equity ratio is such that the cost of debt exceeds the cost of equity.
E)debt-equity ratio selected results in the lowest possible weighed average cost of capital.

Answer 2

debt-equity ratio selected results in the lowest possible weighed average cost of capital.

Question 3

In a world with taxes and financial distress, when a firm is operating with the optimal capital structure: I.the debt-equity ratio will also be optimal.
II)the weighted average cost of capital will be at its minimal point.
III)the required return on assets will be at its maximum point.
IV)the increased benefit from additional debt is equal to the increased bankruptcy costs of that debt.

A)I and IV only.
B)II and III only.
C)I and II only.
D)II, III, and IV only.
E)I, II, and IV only.

Answer 3

I, II, and IV only.

Question 4

Conflicts of interest between shareholders and bondholders are known as:

A)trustee costs.
B)financial distress costs.
C)dealer costs.
D)agency costs.
E)underwriting costs.

Question 5

Given realistic estimates of the probability and cost of bankruptcy, the future costs of a possible bankruptcy are borne by:

A)all investors in the firm.
B)debtholders only because if default occurs interest and principal payments are not made.
C)shareholders because debtholders will pay less for the debt providing less cash for the
Shareholders.
D)management because if the firm defaults they will lose their jobs.
E)None of the above.

Question 6

Studies have found that firms with high proportions of intangible assets are likely to use ____________debt compared with firms with low proportions of intangible assets.

A)more
B)the same amount of
C)less
D)either more or the same amount of
E)any amount of debt

Question 7

In general, the capital structures used by firms:

A)tend to overweigh debt in relation to equity.
B)are easily explained in terms of earnings volatility.
C)are easily explained by analyzing the types of assets owned by the various firms.
D)tend to be those which maximize the use of the firm's available tax shelters.
E)vary significantly across industries.

Question 8

The basic lesson of MM theory is that the value of a firm is dependent upon the:

A)capital structure of the firm.
B)total cash flows of the firm.
C)percentage of a firm to which the bondholders have a claim.
D)tax claim placed on the firm by the government.
E)size of the shareholders claims on the firm.

Question 9

The legal proceeding for liquidating or reorganizing a firm operating in default is called a:

A)tender offer.
B)bankruptcy.
C)merger.
D)takeover.
E)proxy fight.

Question 10

Although the use of debt provides tax benefits to the firm, debt also puts pressure on the firms to:

A)meet interest and principal payments which, if not met, can put the company into financial
Distress.
B)make dividend payments which if not met can put the company into financial distress.
C)meet both interest and dividend payments which when met increase the firm cash flow.
D)meet increased tax payments thereby increasing firm value.
E)None of the above.

Question 11

The explicit costs, such as the legal expenses, associated with corporate default are classified as _____ costs.

A)flotation
B)beta conversion
C)direct bankruptcy
D)indirect bankruptcy
E)unlevered

Question 12

Indirect costs of financial distress:

A)effectively limit the amount of equity a firm issues.
B)serve as an incentive to increase the financial leverage of a firm.
C)include direct costs such as legal and accounting fees.
D)tend to increase as the debt-equity ratio decreases.
E)include the costs incurred by a firm as it tries to avoid seeking bankruptcy protection.

Question 13

One of the indirect costs to bankruptcy is the incentive toward underinvestment.Following this strategy may result in:

A)the firm always choosing projects with the positive NPVs.
B)the firm turning down positive NPV projects that it would clearly accept in an all equity firm.
C)shareholders contributing the full amount of the investment, but both shareholders and
Bondholders sharing in the benefits of the project.
D)Both A and C.
E)Both B and C.

Question 14

The optimal capital structure of a firm _____ the marketed claims and _____ the nonmarketed claims against the cash flows of the firm.

A)minimizes; minimizes
B)minimizes; maximizes
C)maximizes; minimizes
D)maximizes; maximizes
E)equates; (leave blank)

Question 15

The costs of avoiding a bankruptcy filing by a financially distressed firm are classified as _____ costs.

A)flotation
B)direct bankruptcy
C)indirect bankruptcy
D)financial solvency
E)capital structure

Question 16

One of the indirect costs of bankruptcy is the incentive for managers to take large risks.When following this strategy:

A)the firm will rank all projects and take the project which results in the highest expected value
Of the firm.
B)bondholders expropriate value from shareholders by selecting high risk projects.
C)shareholders expropriate value from bondholders by selecting high risk projects.
D)the firm will always take the low risk project.
E)Both A and B.

Question 17

The value of a firm is maximized when the:

A)cost of equity is maximized.
B)tax rate is zero.
C)levered cost of capital is maximized.
D)weighted average cost of capital is minimized.
E)debt-equity ratio is minimized.

Question 18

The optimal capital structure:

A)will be the same for all firms in the same industry.
B)will remain constant over time unless the firm makes an acquisition.
C)of a firm will vary over time as taxes and market conditions change.
D)places more emphasis on the operations of a firm rather than the financing of a firm.
E)is unaffected by changes in the financial markets.

Question 19

The optimal capital structure will tend to include more debt for firms with:

A)the highest depreciation deductions.
B)the lowest marginal tax rate.
C)substantial tax shields from other sources.
D)lower probability of financial distress.
E)less taxable income.

Question 20

The MM theory with taxes implies that firms should issue maximum debt.In practice, this is not true because:

A)debt is more risky than equity.
B)bankruptcy is a disadvantage to debt.
C)firms will incur large agency costs of short term debt by issuing long term debt.
D)Both A and B.
E)Both B and C.

Question 21

An exchange offer may

A)allow customers a 30 day money-back guarantee on the firm's product.
B)allow customers a 90 day warranty on the firm's product from defects.
C)allow bondholders to exchange some debt for equity.
D)allow shareholders to exchange some of their equity for debt.
E)Both C and D.

Question 22

Which of the following is not empirically true when formulating capital structure policy?

A)Some firms use no debt.
B)Most corporations have low debt-asset ratios.
C)There are no differences in the capital-structure of different industries.
D)Debt levels across industries vary widely.
E)Debt ratios in most countries are considerably less than 100%.

Question 23

Indirect costs of bankruptcy are born principally by:

A)bondholders.
B)shareholders.
C)managers.
D)the federal government.
E)the firm's suppliers.

Question 24

In Miller's model, when the quantity [(1-Tc)(1-Ts) = (1-Tb)], then:

A)the firm should hold no debt.
B)the value of the levered firm is greater than the value of the unlevered firm.
C)the tax shield on debt is exactly offset by higher personal taxes paid on interest income.
D)the tax shield on debt is exactly offset by higher levels of dividends.
E)the tax shield on debt is exactly offset by higher capital gains.

Question 25

The TrunkLine Company debtholders are promised payments of £35 if the firm does well, but will receive only £20 if the firm does poorly.Bondholders are willing to pay £25.The promised return to
The bondholders is approximately:

A)2.9%
B)16.9%
C)27.3%
D)40.0%
E)100%

Question 26

Which of the following industries would tend to have the highest leverage?

A)Drugs
B)Computer
C)Paper
D)Electronics
E)Biological products

Question 27

The TrunkLine Company will earn £60 in one year if it does well.The debtholders are promised payments of £35 in one year if the firm does well.If the firm does poorly, expected earnings in one
Year will be £30 and the repayment will be £20 because of the dead weight cost of bankruptcy.The
Probability of the firm performing poorly or well is 50%.If bondholders are fully aware of these costs
What will they pay for the debt? The interest rate on the bonds is 10%.

A)£25.00
B)£27.50
C)£29.55
D)£32.50
E)£35.00

Question 28

The value of a firm in financial distress is diminished if the firm:

A)is declared bankrupt and proceeds to be liquidated.
B)is declared insolvent and undergoes financial reorganization.
C)is a partnership.
D)Both A and C.
E)Both A and B.

Question 29

Growth opportunities _______ the _____ of debt financing.

A)increase; advantage
B)decrease; advantage
C)decrease; disadvantage
D)Both A and C.
E)None of the above.

Question 30

Covenants restricting the use of leasing and additional borrowings primarily protect:

A)the equityholders from added risk of default.
B)the debtholders from added risk of dilution of their claims.
C)the debtholders from the transfer of assets.
D)the management from having to pay agency costs.
E)None of the above.

Question 31

Issuing debt instead of new equity in a closely held firm more likely:

A)causes the owner-manager to work less hard and shirk their duties as they have less capital
At risk.
B)causes the owner-manager to consume more perquisites because the cost is passed to the
Debtholders.
C)causes both more shirking and perquisite consumption since the government provides a tax
Shield on debt.
D)causes agency costs to fall as owner-managers do not need to worry about other
Shareholders.
E)causes the owner-manager to reduce shirking and perquisite consumption as the excess
Cash flow must be used to meet debt payments.

Question 32

If a firm issues debt but writes protective and restrictive covenants into the loan contract, then the firm's debt may be issued at a _____ interest rate compared with otherwise similar debt.

A)significantly higher
B)slightly higher
C)equal
D)lower
E)None of the above.

Question 33

When graphing firm value against debt levels, the debt level that maximizes the value of the firm is the level where:

A)the increase in the present value of distress costs from an additional pound of debt is greater
Than the increase in the present value of the debt tax shield.
B)the increase in the present value of distress costs from an additional pound of debt is equal
To the increase in the present value of the debt tax shield.
C)the increase in the present value of distress costs from an additional pound of debt is less
Than the increase of the present value of the debt tax shield.
D)distress costs as well as debt tax shields are zero.
E)distress costs as well as debt tax shields are maximized.

Question 34

When shareholders pursue selfish strategies such as taking large risks or paying excessive dividends, these will result in:

A)no action by debtholders since these are equity holder concerns.
B)positive agency costs, as bondholders impose various restrictions and covenants which will
Diminish firm value.
C)investments of the same risk class that the firm is in.
D)undertaking scale enhancing projects.
E)lower agency costs, as shareholders have more control over the firm's assets.

Question 35

What three factors are important to consider in determining a target debt to equity ratio?

A)Taxes, asset types, and pecking order and financial slack
B)Asset types, uncertainty of operating income, and pecking order and financial slack
C)Taxes, financial slack and pecking order, and uncertainty of operating income
D)Taxes, asset types, and uncertainty of operating income
E)None of the above.

Question 36

When firms issue more debt, the tax shield on debt _____, the agency costs on debt (i.e., costs of financial distress) _____, and the agency costs on equity _____.

A)increases; increases; increases
B)decreases; decreases; decreases
C)increases; increases; decreases
D)decreases; decreases; increases
E)increases; decreases; decreases

Question 37

The free cash flow hypothesis states:

A)that firms with greater free cash flow will pay more in dividends reducing the risk of financial
Distress.
B)that firms with greater free cash flow should issue new equity to force managers to minimize
Wasting resources and to work harder.
C)that issuing debt requires interest and principal payments reducing the potential of
Management to waste resources.
D)Both A and C.
E)Both B and C.

Question 38

An investment is available that pays a tax-free 6%.The corporate tax rate is 30%.Ignoring risk, what is the pre-tax return on taxable bonds?

A)4.20%
B)6.00%
C)7.67%
D)8.57%
E)None of the above.

Question 39

The introduction of personal taxes may reveal a disadvantage to the use of debt if the:

A)personal tax rate on the distribution of income to shareholders is less than the personal tax
Rate on interest income.
B)personal tax rate on the distribution of income to shareholders is greater than the personal
Tax rate on interest income.
C)personal tax rate on the distribution of income to shareholders is equal to the personal tax
Rate on interest income.
D)personal tax rate on interest income is zero.
E)None of the above.

Question 40

In a Miller equilibrium, what type of investments do high tax bracket investors tend to hold?

A)Bonds
B)Stocks
C)Debentures
D)Both shares and bonds.
E)Neither shares nor bonds.

Question 41

Your firm has a debt-equity ratio of .60.Your cost of equity is 11% and your after-tax cost of debt is 7%. What will your cost of equity be if the target capital structure becomes a 50/50 mix of debt and
Equity?

A)9.50%
B)10.50%
C)11.00%
D)11.25%
E)12.00%

Question 42

The pecking order theory and the trade-off theory of optimal capital structure lead to different predictions:

A)According to the trade-off theory, there is no target amount of leverage.
B)According to the pecking order theory, profitable firms use more debt.
C)According to the trade-off theory, firms do not use internal funds to finance investments.
D)According to the pecking order theory, tax rates have no effect on leverage.
E)None of the above.

Question 43

Describe some of the sources of business risk and financial risk.Do financial decision makers have the ability to "trade off" one type of risk for the other?

Question 44

Is there an easily identifiable debt-equity ratio that will maximize the value of a firm? Why or why not?

Question 45

Wigdor Manufacturing is currently all equity financed, had EBIT of £2 million, and is in the 34% tax bracket.Louis, the company's founder, is the lone shareholder.Assume that all earnings are paid out as dividends.Now consider the fact that Louis must pay personal tax on the firm's cash flow.Louis pays taxes on interest at a rate of 33%, but pays taxes on dividends at a rate of 28%. If the firm were to convert £4 million of equity into debt at a cost of 10%, calculate the total cash flow to Louis after he pays personal taxes.Compare this to Louis' total cash flow after personal taxes if the firm remains unlevered.

Question 46

Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per pound of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 50%
Personal tax rate on income from equities: 10%

A)£-0.050
B)£-0.188
C)£0.188
D)£0.633
E)None of the above.

Question 47

Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per pound of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from shares: 50%

A)£-0.050
B)£-0.188
C)£0.367
D)£0.588
E)None of the above.

Question 48

Wigdor Manufacturing is currently all equity financed, had EBIT of £2 million, and is in the 34% tax bracket.Louis, the company's founder, is the lone shareholder.If the firm were to convert £4 million of equity into debt at a cost of 10%, what would be the total cash flow to Louis if he holds all the debt? Compare this to Louis' total cash flow if the firm remains unlevered.

Question 49

Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per pound of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 40%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from shares: 30%

A)£-0.475
B)£0.475
C)£0.525
D)£0.633
E)None of the above.

Question 50

The Aggie Company has EBIT of £50,000 and market value debt of £100,000 outstanding with a 9% coupon rate.The cost of equity for an all equity firm would be 14%.Aggie has a 35% corporate tax
Rate.Investors face a 20% tax rate on debt receipts and a 15% rate on equity.Determine the value of
Aggie.

A)£120,000
B)£162,948
C)£258,537
D)£263,080
E)£332,143

Question 51

Establishing a capital structure for a firm is not simple.Although financial theory guides the process, there is no simple formula.List and explain four main items that one should consider in determining the capital structure.

Question 52

Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per pound of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 10%
Personal tax rate on income from equities: 50%

A)£-0.050
B)£-0.188
C)£0.367
D)£0.633
E)None of the above.

Question 53

What are the advantages of a prepackaged bankruptcy for a firm? What are the disadvantages?

Question 54

Suppose a Miller equilibrium exists with corporate tax rate of 30% and personal tax rate on income from bonds of 35%.What is the personal tax rate on income from equities?

A)0.0%
B)7.1%
C)10.05%
D)45.5%
E)None of the above.

Question 55

Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per pound of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from shares: 30%

A)£-0.050
B)£ 0.006
C)£ 0.246
D)£ 0.340
E)£ 0.423

Question 56

Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per pound of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from equities: 0%

A)£0.175
B)£0.472
C)£0.528
D)£0.825
E)None of the above.

Question 57

Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per pound of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 34%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 30%
Personal tax rate on income from equities: 30%

A)£-0.050
B)£ 0.006
C)£ 0.246
D)£ 0.340
E)£ 0.660

Question 58

The Aggie Company has EBIT of £70,000 and market value debt of £100,000 outstanding with a 9% coupon rate.The cost of equity for an all equity firm would be 14%.Aggie has a 35% corporate tax
Rate.Investors face a 20% tax rate on debt receipts and a 15% rate on equity.Determine the value of
Aggie.

A)£120,000
B)£162,948
C)£258,537
D)£263,080
E)£355,938

Question 59

The Do-All-Right Marketing Research firm has promised payments to its bondholders that total £100.The company believes that there is a 85% chance that the cash flow will be sufficient to meet theseclaims.However, there is a 15% chance that cash flows will fall short, in which case total earnings areexpected to be £65.If the bonds sell in the market for £84, what is an estimate of the bankruptcycosts for Do-All-Right? Assume a cost of debt of 10%.

Question 60

Given the following information, leverage will add how much value to the unlevered firm per pound of debt?
Corporate tax rate: 30%
Personal tax rate on income from bonds: 20%
Personal tax rate on income from shares: 0%

A)£0.125
B)£0.472
C)£0.528
D)£0.825
E)None of the above.

Question 61

The All-Mine Corporation is deciding whether to invest in a new project.The project would have to be financed by equity, the cost is £2,000 and will return £2,500 or 25% in one year.The discount rate for both bonds and stock is 15% and the tax rate is zero.The predicted cash flows are £4,500 in a good economy, £3,000 in an average, economy and £1,000 in a poor economy.Each economic outcome is equally likely and the promised debt repayment is £3,000.Should the company take the project? What is the value of firm and its components before and after the project addition?

Question 62

You are the CEO of Cautious Care, a publicly listed home care company.As a result of a change in government regulations, you will soon be allowed to extend the services your company offers.You expect to increase your market share as well as your profit margins.You schedule a talk with your CFO and discuss how you will finance the investments required for the company to use this great opportunity.What advice should your CFO give you?

Question 63

One of the concerns highlighted by the recent financial crisis, is the existence of banks that are 'too big to fail'.These banks, it is argued, carry with them an implicit guarantee that they will be saved in times of financial distress.How do you think the capital structure of these banks compares to that of the other banks, based on the optimal capital structure theories?

Question 64

You own a big equity stake in QuickFix Inc, a do-it-yourself (DIY) store.Unfortunately, the DIY business is highly procyclical, and as the economy is going through a rough patch, the company is not doing too well.The company's management suggests investing in a new product line, and wants the existing equity holders to pay for it.You hesitate.Why?

Question 65

Your finance textbook tells you that corporations in Europe tend to underutilize debt.What do you expect to happen to the valuations of these corporations if they increase their debt levels and optimize their capital structure?

Question 66

There are no personal taxes on income from stocks.An investment is available that pays a tax-free 4%.The tax rate is 50%.Total corporate income before earnings and taxes (EBIT) is £224 million forever.What is the maximum debt-to-equity ratio for the economy as a whole?