Deck 5: Capturing And Releasing Energy

Question 1

In which of the following do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?  

A)thylakoid membranes
B)stroma
C)the outermost membrane
D)between the outermost and innermost membranes
E)a combination of more than one of these

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The distance between the crests of two successive waves of light is known as the ____.

A)wave frequency
B)wave period
C)wave distance
D)wavelength
E)wave space

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Most of the colors we see around us result from ____.

A)reflected light
B)direct sunlight
C)absorbed light
D)the inherent color of the objects we are looking at
E)a combination of absorbed and reflected light

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The conversion of solar energy into chemical energy occurs during ____.

A)glycolysis
B)photosynthesis
C)respiration
D)fermentation
E)chemosynthesis

Question 5

Leaves appear red in the fall when ____.

A)anthocyanin synthesis increases
B)chlorophylls are disassembled and recycled to allow other pigments to become more visible
C)other pigments, including the orange and yellow accessory pigments, are recycled
D)synthesis of other pigments, including the orange and yellow accessory pigments, increases
E)the red wavelength range of visible light increases due to changes in Earth's position relative to the sun.

Question 6

The membrane that forms a compartment inside the stroma is the ____.

A)thylakoid
B)mitochondrion
C)lamella
D)plastid
E)tracheid

Question 7

Photosynthesis converts the energy of light into ____.

A)pigments
B)chemical bond energy
C)proteins
D)electrons and protons
E)heat energy

Question 8

The energy that drives the light-independent reactions comes from ____.

A)sunlight
B)glucose
C)carbon dioxide
D)ATP and NADPH
E)water and oxygen

Question 9

Visible light comprises wavelengths that vary between ____ nanometers.

A)380 and 750
B)350 and 750
C)390 and 780
D)340 and 740
E)320 and 740

Question 10

Which component is NOT found in a chloroplast?  

A)a single outer membrane
B)DNA
C)ribosomes
D)stroma
E)thylakoids

Question 11

Pigments are ____.

A)inorganic molecules that absorb all light
B)organic molecules that absorb all light
C)inorganic molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light
D)organic molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light
E)inorganic molecules that reflect specific wavelengths of light

Question 12

In which cellular organelle does photosynthesis take place?  

A)rough endoplasmic reticulum
B)Golgi bodies
C)mitochondria
D)chloroplasts
E)lysosome

Question 13

Chlorophyll a molecules absorb ____ light.

A)orange, green and yellow
B)orange, purple and red
C)red and yellow
D)orange and blue
E)purple, orange, and yellow

Question 14

We know that carbon dioxide levels were in the atmosphere millions of years ago through ____.

A)radioisotope dating
B)measuring carbon dioxide levels in fossil fuel samples
C)measuring carbon isotope ratios in fossil fuel samples
D)measuring carbon dioxide levels in air pockets in ice cores
E)measuring carbon isotope ratios in air pockets in ice cores

Question 15

The stroma of a chloroplast is most like which cellular structure?  

A)ribosomes
B)cell membranes
C)the cytoplasm
D)nuclei
E)mitochondria

Question 16

The brown color of smog comes from light reflecting off of which substance in the atmosphere?  

A)carbon dioxide
B)sulfur compounds
C)organic molecules
D)mercury
E)nitric oxide

Question 17

Fossil fuels ____.

A)can be recycled
B)are produced by living organisms
C)are the organic remains of ancient organisms
D)can reduce climate change
E)release less energy than wood when they are burned

Question 18

The main producers for the human food chain are ____.

A)farmers
B)light
C)plants
D)cows
E)methane

Question 19

If a pigment absorbed violet,yellow,orange,red,and green light,what color would it appear to be?  

A)white
B)brown
C)black
D)blue
E)gray

Question 20

According to evidence from ice layers from the Antarctic,atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been rising since ____.

A)the dinosaurs went extinct
B)about 10,000 years ago
C)the industrial revolution began
D)the 1970s
E)human evolved 200,000 years ago

Question 21

The products of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are ____.

A)used in light-independent reactions
B)complex carbohydrates and proteins
C)stored in the vacuoles of the cell
D)oxygen and glucose
E)used in the light-independent reactions and stored in the vacuoles of the cell

Question 22

Plant cells produce oxygen gas ____.

A)by splitting carbon dioxide
B)during respiration
C)by splitting ribulose bisphosphate
D)by splitting molecules of water
E)by breaking down glucose

Question 23

Which of the following molecules is/are formed at the end of the electron transfer process?  

A)ATP only
B)NADPH only
C)ATP and NADPH
D)NADP+
E)ATP and NADP+

Question 24

What powers the ATP synthase enzyme in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?  

A)energy from ATP
B)energy from NADPH
C)energy from the splitting of water
D)energy from electron transfer chains
E)energy from the flow of hydrogen ions

Question 25

The carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin-Benson cycle of photosynthesis is ____.

A)phosphoglycerate (PGA)
B)ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
C)phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
D)glucose
E)Phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 26

ATP is formed when ____ the thylakoid compartment.

A)hydrogen ions enter
B)hydrogen ions leave
C)electrons leave
D)electrons enter
E)water is split in

Question 27

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis,how do hydrogen ions get back into the stroma?  

A)passive diffusion directly across the thylakoid membrane
B)active transport across the thylakoid membrane
C)facilitated diffusion across the thylakoid membrane
D)active transport through ATP synthase
E)passive diffusion through ATP synthase

Question 28

The electrons that are passed to NADP+ at the end of the electron transfer chain were obtained from ____.

A)water
B)CO2
C)glucose
D)sunlight
E)ATP

Question 29

Which source of energy powers the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?  

A)light
B)ATP and NADPH
C)photosystem 2
D)glucose
E)NADP+

Question 30

Hydrogen ion flow out of the thylakoid compartments ____.

A)occurs between photosystems I and II
B)is called the hydrogen transfer system
C)provides energy to produce ATP molecules
D)causes excitation of chlorophyll molecules
E)requires the intermediary action of acceptor molecules

Question 31

The Calvin-Benson cycle is a cyclical pathway of reactions that use ____.

A)carbon to produce sugar
B)sugar to produce energy
C)sugar to produce starch
D)starch to produce energy
E)oxygen to produce carbon dioxide

Question 32

The energy generated in the first electron transfer chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is used to ____.

A)split water into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons
B)generate NADPH
C)power the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP
D)pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid compartment
E)generate glucose

Question 33

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis,NADP+ gets its electrons to become NADPH from ____.

A)ATP synthase
B)the flow of hydrogen ions
C)electron transfer chains
D)oxygen gas
E)glucose

Question 34

Light-independent reactions occur in the ____.

A)cytoplasm
B)chloroplast outer membrane
C)thylakoid membrane
D)stroma
E)matrix

Question 35

The primary purpose of splitting the water in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is to ____.

A)release oxygen for aerobic respiration
B)generate ATP
C)generate NADH
D)actively transfer hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane
E)release electrons for electron transport phosphorylation

Question 36

When chlorophyll absorbs light energy,____.

A)chlorophyll is converted to carotene
B)the molecules begin to move more rapidly
C)the plant becomes radioactive
D)electrons jump to a higher energy level
E)the molecules become ionized

Question 37

How many carbon dioxide molecules does it take to synthesize one molecule of glucose?  

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)12
E)18

Question 38

In light-dependent reactions,hydrogen ions are transported into the thylakoid membrane.What drives the movement of these ions?   

A)passive diffusion of ions from high to low concentration  
B)passive diffusion of ions from low to high concentration
C)active transport of ions driven by the hydrolysis of water into oxygen
D)active transport of ions driven by energy from the electron transport chain 
E)active transport through the enzyme ATP synthase

Question 39

The purpose of a photosystem is to convert ____.

A)light energy into chemical energy
B)carbon dioxide into sugar
C)light energy into sugar
D)oxygen into carbon dioxide
E)light into oxygen

Question 40

Which group of molecules serves as inputs for the light-independent reactions?  

A)H2O, ATP, and NADPH
B)CO2, NADPH, and H2O
C)CO2 and NADPH
D)ATP, NADPH, H2O, and CO2
E)NADPH, ATP, and CO2

Question 41

Glycolysis takes place in ____.

A)the cytoplasm
B)mitochondria
C)chloroplasts
D)thylakoids
E)peroxisomes

Question 42

The purpose of closing stomata in plants is to prevent ____.

A)carbon dioxide from escaping
B)water from escaping
C)oxygen from re-entering
D)gas exchange
E)photosynthesis

Question 43

Before the evolution of photosynthesis,early cells extracted energy from ____.

A)oxygen
B)ATP
C)NADPH
D)water
E)methane

Question 44

To break down a glucose molecule completely,how many "turns" of the Krebs cycle are required?  

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)6
E)12

Question 45

In aerobic respiration,what is the ultimate fate of the electrons released from the breakdown of glucose?  

A)They are combined with NAD+.
B)They are combined with ATP.
C)They become hydrogen ions.
D)They are moved through the electron transport chain.
E)They are combined with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water.

Question 46

Consider a glucose molecule that is completely oxidized during the process of cellular respiration.What is the correct sequence in the series of reactions?
I)glycolysis
II)phosphorylation
III)Krebs cycle

A)I >>> II >>> III
B)I >>> III >>> II
C)II >>> I >>> III
D)II >>> III >>> I
E)III >>> I >>> II

Question 47

The net result of glycolysis is ____.

A)2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvates
B)8 NADH, 2 ATP, and 6 carbon dioxides
C)36 ATP
D)2 NADH, 4 ATP, and 2 pyruvates
E)2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 acetyl-CoAs

Question 48

What do free radicals do?  

A)Improve the efficiency of aerobic respiration.
B)Act as coenzymes in glycolysis.
C)Damage biological molecules.
D)Remove metals that combine with oxygen gas.
E)Enhance enzyme activity.

Question 49

In most plants,glucose is stored as ____.

A)glucose
B)starch
C)sucrose
D)glycogen
E)cellulose

Question 50

What adaptation allows C4 plants to minimize the effects of rubisco's inefficiency at high temperatures?  

A)C4 plants fix the carbon twice in two different types of cells.
B)C4 plants fix the carbon twice at two different times of day.
C)C4 plants fix the carbon only once.
D)C4 plants store products in vacuoles.
E)C4 plants only fix carbon at night.

Question 51

Why does the efficiency of sugar production decrease when stomata are closed in C3 plants?

A)Accumulated oxygen outcompetes carbon dioxide for rubisco's active site.
B)Depleted carbon dioxide outcompetes oxygen for rubisco's binding site.
C)Accumulated oxygen inhibits rubisco's function.
D)Depleted carbon dioxide inhibits rubisco's function.
E)Depleted carbon dioxide activates rubisco's function.

Question 52

In eukaryotes,the electron transfer chain of aerobic respiration is located ____.

A)in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
B)in the matrix of mitochondria
C)on the inner membrane of mitochondria
D)in the outer membrane of mitochondria
E)throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 53

For six molecules of carbon dioxide fixed in the light-independent reaction,how many molecules of PGA are produced?  

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)12
E)18

Question 54

For glycolysis to occur,____.

A)glucose must enter the mitochondria
B)there must be an input of energy from ATP
C)oxygen must be available
D)ATP synthase must be activated
E)heat must be supplied

Question 55

What are the advantages of C4 and CAM photosynthesis as compared to C3 photosynthesis?

A)High sugar production can be maintained on hot, dry days.
B)Water is not necessary for the light-dependent reactions.
C)Carbon dioxide is not needed for the light-independent reactions.
D)Less sugar is necessary for metabolic activities.
E)Light dependent reactions are more efficient.

Question 56

You are a botanist living in the desert.A friend asks you which plant would be most practical to plant in their yard.What is your answer?  

A)Any plant, as long as it is well-watered
B)Only C3 plants
C)Only C4 plants
D)Only CAM plants
E)C3 or C4 plants, but not CAM plants

Question 57

When glucose is used as the energy source,the largest amount of ATP is produced in ____.

A)glycolysis
B)acetyl-CoA formation
C)the Krebs cycle
D)fermentation
E)electron transfer phosphorylation

Question 58

The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide into the Calvin-Benson cycle is ____.

A)rubisco
B)carbon dioxide oxidase
C)ATP synthase
D)carbon hydrogenase
E)RuBP

Question 59

How many ATP molecules (net yield)are produced per molecule of glucose during glycolysis?  

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)36
E)38

Question 60

As early organisms evolved the ability to harness energy from the sun,other organisms began to die out because they were ____.

A)destroyed by a meteorite
B)outcompeted by multi-celled organisms
C)consumed by dinosaurs
D)poisoned by oxygen gas
E)starved

Question 61

Cheese,yogurt,and buttermilk are produced by bacteria that form ____.

A)ethyl alcohol
B)acetaldehyde
C)pyruvate
D)lactate
E)citrate

Question 62

When fatty acids are broken down to make ATP,which molecule is formed and at which step in aerobic respiration does it enter?  

A)acetyl CoA, which enters into glycolysis
B)acetyl CoA, which enters into the Krebs cycle
C)pyruvate, which enters into the Krebs cycle
D)PGAL, which enters into electron transfer phosphorylation
E)PGAL, which enters into glycolysis

Question 63

Which three-carbon molecule is produced by glycolysis,and then enters the Krebs cycle after conversion to a two-carbon molecule?  

A)acetyl CoA
B)pyruvate
C)glucose
D)carbon dioxide
E)oxygen

Question 64

In animals,when ATP concentrations are high,glucose is converted into ____.

A)starch
B)glycogen
C)pyruvate
D)carbon dioxide
E)glycerol

Question 65

In lactate fermentation,____ is converted into lactate.

A)pyruvate
B)acetaldehyde
C)ethanol
D)glucose
E)NADH

Question 66

The proportion of white muscle fibers to red muscle fibers in sprinters is likely to ____.

A)be lower than in marathon runners
B)be higher than in marathon runners
C)be equal to that in marathon runners
D)depend most on the sex of the sprinter
E)depend most on the age of the sprinter

Question 67

The bubbles in beer are ____.

A)carbon dioxide
B)oxygen
C)ethanol
D)pyruvate
E)nitrous oxide

Question 68

What is the role of oxygen gas in aerobic respiration?  

A)To provide electrons for NADH
B)To accept energy from glucose
C)To accept electrons from electron transport
D)To provide kinetic energy for ATP synthase
E)To donate electrons for electron transport

Question 69

Biofuels ____.

A)are a renewable source of energy
B)do not produce carbon dioxide when burned
C)are made from organic remains of ancient organisms
D)release energy without using oxygen
E)do not damage the environment

Question 70

In alcoholic fermentation,the final product is ____.

A)pyruvate
B)ethanol
C)acetaldehyde
D)acetyl CoA
E)lactate

Question 71

The yield of ATP per glucose molecule in fermentation is ____.

A)2
B)6
C)12
D)36
E)40

Question 72

Excess glucose in the human diet can result in accumulations of ____.

A)pyruvate
B)NADH
C)fats
D)lactate
E)ATP

Question 73

If an aerobic organism stopped taking in oxygen,which process would stop first?  

A)the splitting of glucose into two pyruvates
B)the reduction of NAD+ to NADH
C)the release of carbon dioxide
D)electron transfer phosphorylation
E)the initiation of the Krebs Cycle

Question 74

In animal skeletal muscles,white muscle fibers ____.

A)have an abundance of myoglobin
B)make ATP by lactate fermentation
C)produce ethanol
D)are good for sustained activities
E)are not found in chickens

Question 75

Fermentation takes place in ____.

A)mitochondria
B)the endoplasmic reticulum
C)the Golgiapparatus
D)the cytoplasm
E)lysosomes

Question 76

Why are fats a better source of energy than carbohydrates on a per carbon basis?  

A)Fats are comprised of other atoms besides carbon and oxygen that increase its ATP yield.
B)Fats have more hydrogenbound in its fatty acid chains, which allows them to react more with oxygen.
C)Fats do not completely break down, and the by-products increase ATP yield.
D)Fats require fewer reactions with oxygen to completely break down, thus increasing its ATP yield.
E)Fats require more reactions with oxygen to completely break down.

Question 77

As ATP begins to accumulate in the cytoplasm of animal cells,the extra glucose ____.

A)enters glycolysis more rapidly
B)is converted into glycogen
C)is converted into starch.
D)is converted into proteins
E)is converted into carbohydrates

Question 78

When proteins are broken down into their subunits,what happens to the amino group removed from the amino acids that are not used to rebuild proteins or other molecules?  

A)They are formed into acetyl-CoA.
B)They are converted into pyruvate.
C)They are excreted in theurine.
D)They are stored as glycogen in liver.
E)They are stored in vacuoles in muscle.

Question 79

In animal skeletal muscles,red muscle fibers ____.

A)have an abundance of myoglobin
B)are mainly anaerobic
C)have few mitochondria
D)are good for short bursts of activity
E)make ATP by lactate fermentation

Question 80

Which product(s)are formed in lactate fermentation?  

A)ethanol only
B)lactate only
C)ethanol and lactate
D)ethanol and carbon dioxide
E)lactate and carbon dioxide