Deck 16: Fundamentals of Data Analysis

Question 1

When the data is collected on a nominal scale, the researcher can only use the mean and percentages to make meaningful conclusions.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The basic purpose of data analysis is to extract meaning and knowledge from the collected data.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Every questionnaire should have some open-ended questions.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Data analysis is a powerful aid to gaining useful knowledge and it can help an investigator rescue even poorly conceived research.

Question 5

Consider the following question: "What are your opinions about the way the President is handling the economic problems facing the nation?" his is an example of a closed-ended question.

Question 6

The decision to combine certain categories is dependent upon the ease with which this can be done and the number of original categories.

Question 7

A frequency distribution simply reports the number of responses that each question category receives.

Question 8

If a research study is well designed, then the researcher is assured of clear judgments and conclusions leading to good decisions, even if the data analysis techniques aren't entirely appropriate.

Question 9

When problems are identified during the editing stage, the researcher's only options are to re-contact the respondent or to throw out the entire questionnaire.

Question 10

The purpose of editing is to identify omissions, ambiguities, and errors in the responses.

Question 11

It is generally easier to code open-ended questions as compared with closed-ended questions because the researcher has more options with open-ended questions.

Question 12

The difference between means is concerned with the association between two questions, the question defining the group for example, smokers or nonsmokers) and another question fear of fires).

Question 13

A researcher who uses a frequency distribution or a single number will necessarily reach the same conclusion.

Question 14

Ambiguity is the result of an interviewer's failing to understand the question he must ask his respondents.

Question 15

Frequency distributions, though sometimes unwieldy, do provide more information than does the sample mean.

Question 16

It is generally easier for an analyst to interpret the raw numbers rather than the percentages that have been subsequently derived from the data.

Question 17

Omissions refer simply to the errors resulting from the failure of interviewers to ask all questions.

Question 18

Hypothesis testing of a difference between means can help a researcher decide whether a certain difference was obtained merely by chance or because of differences in the underlying populations.

Question 19

Product usage is a useful variable when a researcher is seeking to segment the population.

Question 20

The coding of closed-ended questions involves judgment decisions.

Question 21

Data analysis as the potential to ruin a well-designed research

Question 22

If a researcher's objective is to analyze a single question for various subgroups, based on a frequency distribution, the technique is termed cross-tabulation.

Question 23

If two intervally scaled variables are not at all associated, the value of r will be negative.

Question 24

Which of the following is not a method of eliciting more information from $\bar{x}$ he respondents ?

A)clarifying the question
B)asking the respondent to repeat answer
C)pausing for a reply
D)all of the above

Question 25

Coding for closed-ended questions is much more difficult than open-ended questions

Question 26

Cross-tabulation is the analysis of association between two variables that are nominally scaled.

Question 27

The most primitive form of data from data analysis perspective is

A)nominal scale
B)ordinal scale
C)interval scale
D)ratio scale

Question 28

The process that is used to make the sample data more representative of the population that has been surveyed is called

A)editing
B)coding
C)weighting
D)transcribing

Question 29

The t-test is more sensitive to certain violations of these assumptions than others

Question 30

While inspecting political polling data, you notice that when the distance jogged by the President the independent variable. increases, his popularity rating the dependent variable.goes down. This would indicate a positive correlation between the two variables.

Question 31

In data on inventory costs and the number of orders placed in the preceding year, it was found that the value of the correlation coefficient r was close to zero.It can, therefore, be conclusively stated that these two variables are unrelated.

Question 32

A researcher made the following claim: "The correlation between the weight of a car and its mileage is 45." Without additional information, it is impossible to say whether this claim is true.

Question 33

While analyzing his data, Mr.Thorough decided to use a frequency distribution to study the response to each question.Later he became interested in finding out if there were any significant differences between the three subgroups in his study.The appropriate technique at this stage is the difference between means.

Question 34

At what stage in the research process is fieldwork required?

A)definition of problem
B)formulation of research design
C)editing the code
D)all of the above

Question 35

When cross-tabulating data, the objective of the researcher is to learn how the response variable varies from subgroup to subgroup.

Question 36

Nominal-scaled data is the best from the perspective of data analysis

Question 37

Which one of the following is not an assumption underlying a test statistic?

A)the samples are independent
B)the characteristic of interest in each population have normal distribution
C)the two populations are of equal size
D)the populations have equal variances

Question 38

The assumption underlying correlation analysis is that the variables involved are intervally scaled.

Question 39

Multivariate analysis can be used to group variables or people or to understand the relationship between variables.

Question 40

Analysis of association between two nominally scaled variables is called

A)analysis of variance
B)cross tabulation
C)factor analysis
D)cluster analysis

Question 41

While editing the data collected in a survey to determine the psychographic profiles of heavy users of cereals, some of the responses were found to contain omissions, ambiguities, and errors. The researcher should do which of the following? 1-Try to recontact the respondents if feasible.and obtain clarification. 2-Throw out those questionnaires which have many errors or errors involving crucial questions. 3-Ignore questionable responses while making use of the remainder of a respondent's data. 4-Use intuition and common sense to revise erroneous responses, based on an educated assessment of how a respondent should have answered.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)1, 2, or 3

Question 42

Use the following information for questions


-The table above is an example of a difference between means.

A)a frequency distribution.
B)a two-way tabulation.
C)a cross-tabulation.
D)an interval-scaled question.

Question 43

Use the following information for questions


-The percentage of people who say that they will buy the product as soon as it is introduced is: 1) less than that of those who will purchase if others seem satisfied; 2) 20 percent; 3) 2/3 of the percentage of people who will check the price before purchasing.

A)1)
B)1) and 2)
C)1), 2), and 3)
D)2) and 3)
E)1) and 3)

Question 44

A procedure in which the existing data are modified to create new variables is called

A)Data modification
B)Variable Re-specification
C)Scale Transformation
D)Standardization

Question 45

When presenting the results of a study, the researcher should make sure that the presentation 1-is focused upon the research purpose and objective. 2-includes some assessment of the reliability and validity of the results. 3-points out those aspects of the results that are important or interesting. 4-merely states the statistical results.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)1, 2, and 3

Question 46

How many people own a microwave oven, according to the data above?

A)250
B)200
C)125
D)50
E)75

Question 47

What inferences about the relation between income and oven ownership may be drawn from the data above?

A)No inferences can be made without performing a hypothesis test.
B)The higher the income, the fewer the number of ovens owned.
C)A higher proportion of people in the lower income bracket own microwave ovens.
D)A higher proportion of those in the higher income bracket own microwave ovens.
E)In absolute terms, the ownership of conventional ovens seems to decline with income, while that of microwaves appears to
Increase.

Question 48

Consider the following table: This table represents the heights and basketball team memberships of high school students in a small mid-western town.) 1-The expected percentages of basketball players in the population are 70, 80, 50, 40, and 30, respectively. 2-The estimated number of students in the city's high schools playing basketball, based on the various samples, is 105, 160, 125, 80, and 75. 3-The estimated total number of basketball players in the city's high schools is 545. 4-The weighted.average height of the city's basketball players is different from the average height of the sample.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)1, 2, and 3

Question 49

Which of the following errors cannot occur in fieldwork?

A)interviewer error
B)response error
C)sampling error
D)non response error

Question 50

Consider the following table:

A)The percentage of people with a height of 74 in.is close to 24 percent.
B)The average height of the sample is 70 in.
C)Most of the people in the sample are taller than or as tall as 70 in.
D)The most common height mode.in the sample is 70 in.
E)All of these are true.

Question 51

ABC Incorporated asked a sample of residents in each of two cities to indicate the brand of shampoo most preferred by them.They found that 40 percent of the people in City 1 preferred Brand A, as compared with 30 percent in City 2.The results indicate that 1-Brand A is more popular with the sample respondents in City 1. 2-Brand A is more popular with the residents in City 1. 3-a hypothesis test of the significance of the difference in sample percentages is needed before any conclusions about differences in population can be made.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)1 and 3
E)1 and 2

Question 52

The coding of open-ended questions

A)is much more difficult than for closed-ended questions.
B)could require the coder to make a judgmental decision.
C)and the problems involved make it advisable to avoid open-ended questions as much as possible.
D)can be difficult when the handwriting of the respondents is illegible.
E)all of these.

Question 53

Use the following information for questions 21 through 23


-The table shown above is an example of

A)one-way classification.
B)four-way classification.
C)six-way classification.
D)cross-tabulation.
E)none of the above.

Question 54

The process of data analysis involves 1-editing and coding the data. 2-collecting the data. 3-tabulating each question. 4-estimating differences between means.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)2, 3, and 4

Question 55

Which of the questions listed below would be the easiest to code?

A)"What are the attributes that a good president must have?"
B)"What is your opinion of the influence of the Hare Krisna group a religious sect) on the minds of its younger members?"
C)"What influence, if any, do you think TV commercials have on children?"
D)"What are the major achievements and failures of the system of American government?"
E)"What type of oven do you have: 1) gas, 2) electric, 3) microwave, 4) other?"

Question 56

Use the following information for questions


-The correlation between sales and radio ad budget

A)is 0.
B)is negative.
C)is approximately .9.
D)is less than .75.
E)cannot be calculated, because the number of data points is too small.

Question 57

Identifying inadmissible errors is called

A)consistency check
B)coding
C)editing
D)none of the above

Question 58

A researcher might want to do multivariate analysis for which of the following legitimate reasons? 1-To be able to group variables or people 2-To help improve predictive validity 3-To compare the difference between two means 4-To make the results look more meaningful and impressive to management

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)1 and 2

Question 59

The process that is used to increase the accuracy and precision of a questionnaire is

A)checking
B)coding
C)editing
D)transcribing

Question 60

The process of editing the data involves

A)detecting and correcting interviewer errors.
B)discovering inconsistencies between responses.
C)identifying omissions, ambiguities, and errors in responses.
D)eliminating data from ineligible respondents.
E)all of these.

Question 61

Binary, dichotomous, instrumental and qualitative variables are

A)Dummy variables
B)Scale transformation variables
C)contingency table variables
D)standard variables
E)none of the above