Deck 3: Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research

Question 1

A researcher who examines the relationship between individuals' tooth flossing frequency and the incidence of heart disease in these individuals is using the ___________ research design.

A) experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) case study
D) correlational

Answer 1

correlational

Question 2

For the study in (19), what is the dependent variable?

A) test scores
B) time limit instructions
C) instruction type
D) there is no dependent variable in this study

Answer 2

test scores

Question 3

A researcher who examines the causal relationship between amount of exercise randomly assigned as 30 min per day or none) and memory abilities is using the ___________ research design.

A) experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) case study
D) correlational

Answer 3

experimental

Question 4

A study is conducted to examine the effect of instruction type on test scores. Participants in the study are asked to complete a simple math test with either time limit instructions ( i.e., the participants are told they must complete the test within 3 minutes) or no time limit instructions ( i.e., the participants are not given a time limit for the test). Participants are randomly assigned to one of the instruction types. The independent variable in this study is

A) time limit instructions.
B) no time limit instructions.
C) instruction type.
D) not present (i.e., there is no independent variable in this study).

Question 5

Using records of car crashes where individuals were not wearing seatbelts to measure use of seatbelt behavior is an example of which observation technique?

A) naturalistic observations
B) survey observations
C) systematic observations
D) archival observations

Question 6

A researcher who examines the difference in anxiety level between individuals who smoke and those who do not smoke is using the ___________ research design.

A) experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) case study
D) correlational

Question 7

Observing behaviors as they occur in an individual's natural environment uses the __________ observation technique.

A) naturalistic
B) survey
C) systematic
D) archival

Question 8

The research design that allows researchers to compare groups of individuals on a measured variable based on characteristics of the individuals is an)

A) experiment.
B) quasi-experiment.
C) case study.
D) correlational study.

Question 9

Asking individuals to respond to questions or rate items according to their attitudes or behaviors uses the __________ observation technique.

A) naturalistic
B) survey
C) systematic
D) archival

Question 10

The research design that allows researchers to answer descriptive and predictive questions about the relationship between different measured variables is an)

A) experiment.
B) quasi-experiment.
C) case study.
D) correlational study.

Question 11

Measuring how quickly individuals can perform a scrambled sentence task is an example of which observation technique?

A) naturalistic observations
B) survey observations
C) systematic observations
D) archival observations

Question 12

The degree to which the behavior observed in the study is realistic, would occur naturally, and can be generalized beyond the boundaries of the study to other individuals and situations is _____________ validity.

A) external
B) internal
C) subjective
D) objective

Question 13

The research design that allows researchers to answer causal questions about manipulated and measured variables is an)

A) experiment.
B) quasi-experiment.
C) case study.
D) correlational study.

Question 14

Studies of the amnesiac H.M. used the ___________ research design.

A) experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) case study
D) correlational

Question 15

Videotaping individuals at work to look for off-task behaviors is an example of which observation technique?

A) naturalistic observations
B) survey observations
C) systematic observations
D) archival observations

Question 16

Asking individuals to complete a task under controlled conditions uses the __________ observation technique.

A) naturalistic
B) survey
C) systematic
D) archival

Question 17

Ruling out alternative explanations for results increases the _________ validity, whereas increasing the realism of the behaviors examined in a study increases the __________ validity.

A) subjective, objective
B) objective, subjective
C) external, internal
D) internal, external

Question 18

Asking individuals to rate how often each of 20 items related to depression symptoms occurs in their daily lives is an example of which observation technique?

A) naturalistic observations
B) survey observations
C) systematic observations
D) archival observations

Question 19

Looking up records of behaviors that have already occurred uses the __________ observation technique.

A) naturalistic
B) survey
C) systematic
D) archival

Question 20

The research design that allows researchers to gain a lot of descriptive information about a single individual or institution is an)

A) experiment.
B) quasi-experiment.
C) case study.
D) correlational study.

Question 21

A measure of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways is called:

A) interrater validity
B) interrater reliability
C) subjective validity
D) subjective reliability

Question 22

Using a validated survey typically gives a researcher observations of behavior that are a step ahead of the other techniques discussed because the validity and reliability of a survey will already have been tested and the survey revised if necessary) to maximize its accuracy.

Question 23

The Beck Depression Inventory-II and Beck Anxiety Inventory are two commonly used surveys in psychological research on mood.

Question 24

In a scatterplot, one variable is placed on the x-axis, and the other variable is placed on the r-axis.

Question 25

A negative relationship indicates that as values on one variable increase, the values on the other variable decrease.

Question 26

Due to their exploratory nature, case studies never focus on rare or unusual cases.

Question 27

Participants who want to portray themselves more positively to the researcher and intentionally respond in a way that achieves that goal biases the results of a survey and is called:

A) peer pressure
B) social appeal
C) social pressure
D) social desirability

Question 28

If a predictive relationship is examined, the variable that is used to make the prediction is called the outcome variable, and the variable that is being predicted is called the predictor variable.

Question 29

When surveys are used, participants are often asked to use a response scale or response category e.g., often, sometimes, not very often, never) that matches how they feel about a behavior or how likely they are to exhibit the behavior. This is called:

A) a closed ended response scale
B) an open ended response scale
C) an ambiguous response scale
D) a behavior response scale

Question 30

Explain why use of the systematic observation technique is likely to increase the internal validity of a study.

Question 31

Some of the observation techniques and research designs that psychologists use tend to allow for higher external validity than others.

Question 32

To increase the internal validity of a study, a researcher controls for extraneous factors that can affect the observations.

Question 33

An operational definition is a definition of an concrete concept that makes it abstract for the purpose of the research study

Question 34

What aspects of an experiment allow tests of causal relationships between variables in experimental studies?

Question 35

What is the difference between an experiment and a quasi-experiment?

Question 36

Explain why use of the naturalistic observation technique is likely to increase the external validity of a study.

Question 37

Analyzing the data from a closed-ended response scale would also require the development of a coding scheme, because the responses are qualitative rather than quantitative.

Question 38

Making sure observers are categorizing behaviors the same way increases:

A) external validity
B) internal validity
C) subjective validity
D) reliability