Deck 15: Treatment for Mental Disorders

Question 1

Carl Rogers conceptualized the underlying cause of psychological problems as ________ and therapy as ________.

A) lack of acceptance of true feelings . . . . getting in touch with true feelings
B) high ego involvement . . . . balancing the unconscious forces of personality
C) threats to selfhood . . . . restructuring personality through redevelopment and re-enactment
D) conflict within the family during early childhood . . . . examination of family dynamics

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Rogers's client-centered therapy conceptualizes the therapist's role as

A) reformulating relationships and leading clients to inner peace.
B) providing a relationship that allows clients to move toward personal growth and solve their own problems.
C) providing a relationship that directs and guides clients in seeing their true needs.
D) uninvolved and remote.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In cognitive behavior therapy

A) the therapist concentrates on forming a close, personal relationship with the clients.
B) clients must search their childhood memories to furnish the best cognitions so as to change their present negative cognitions.
C) the relationship between client and therapist tends to be more collaborative than in behavior modification.
D) the programs is nondirective, focusing on cognitions more than behavior.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Electroconvulsive therapy

A) has become a common type of medical therapy, oriented toward severe cases of schizophrenia and hypomania.
B) is now reserved mainly for depression, making women more common recipients than men.
C) is neither a type of medical therapy nor a psychotherapy, leaving its use unregulated and outside the mainstream of treatment for behavior problems.
D) is illegal in most states.

Question 5

Rogers's client-centered therapy emphasized the relationship between client and therapist, maintaining that

A) therapists should be objective and uninvolved in clients' progress.
B) therapists should become involved in clients' personal lives and form social relationships with their clients.
C) therapists should show unconditional acceptance and congruence with their clients.
D) all of the above

Question 6

The goal of psychoanalysis is to

A) keep repressed material in the unconscious, where it is hidden.
B) bring unconscious material to the level of consciousness, where it can be deal with rationally.
C) develop all three part of the personality so that the person can be stronger.
D) re-enact the Oedipal scene so that patients can re-live their problems.

Question 7

When physical illness became the model for conceptualizing mental illness,

A) the view of mental illness shifted from possession by demons to moral weakness.
B) treatments began for these problems.
C) these problems became part of religion rather than medicine.
D) drug treatments were the first alternative to be developed.

Question 8

In the psychoanalytic view, problems arise due to

A) repressed trauma or conflict during childhood.
B) high levels of ego development.
C) problems in adult sexual functioning.
D) conscious difficulties in dealing with stress and anxiety.

Question 9

Medical therapies for problem behavior

A) are based on the assumption that physical problems are the basis for psychological problems.
B) are incompatible with and are thus restricted from being used in combination with psychotherapeutic techniques.
C) are not applied to the same problems as psychotherapies.
D) were once a major mode of treatment but have decreased in frequency in the past 20 years.

Question 10

In rational-emotive therapy, therapists

A) attempt to restructure personality, concentrating on unconscious elements of personality.
B) work with the self-concept, attempting to reformulate the self as well as the range of emotions.
C) attempt to change irrational beliefs, with the assumption that behavior change will follow.
D) teach clients ways to magnify emotions, resulting in the enlargement of positive emotionality.

Question 11

Behavior modification tends to be

A) more specific and task-oriented than other forms of therapy.
B) lengthier than other forms of therapy.
C) more concerned with childhood and past behavior than other forms of therapy.
D) all of the above.

Question 12

Cognitive behavioral therapy seeks to

A) change behavior through helping clients to make changes in cognition.
B) help clients to reformulate relationships and seek inner peace.
C) lead clients to explore their unconscious and release repressed memories.
D) change self-esteem and provide ways to reformulate self-concept.

Question 13

The pattern of prescriptions for psychoactive drugs shows

A) no gender difference in receiving such prescriptions.
B) that men seek more such prescriptions than women.
C) a decline in this mode of treatment, especially for women, over the past 20 years.
D) that women receive more such prescriptions than men.
E) both b and d

Question 14

Humanistic psychotherapy is based on the assumption that

A) therapy can help people resolve unconscious conflicts and problems.
B) each person must be shaped toward healthy functioning by a combination of reinforcement and punishment.
C) people move toward achieving the full human potential unless they are prevented from doing so.
D) maintaining a functioning personality is a delicate balancing act.

Question 15

Those who use behavior modification as a therapy technique

A) prefer the techniques derived from classical conditioning over those derived from operant conditioning.
B) believe that reinforcement and punishment are powerful forces in determining behavior.
C) reject the laboratory research on learning, believing that human and animal behavior have different controls.
D) do not talk to their patients.

Question 16

A disadvantage for medical treatments for psychological problems is that

A) all these treatments have side effects that can be dangerous.
B) all these treatments are ineffective.
C) people prefer psychotherapy to medical treatments.
D) all of the above

Question 17

Many men enter psychotherapy

A) to receive help for depression.
B) to receive help for symptoms of panic attack.
C) in numbers equal to women.
D) through "wife mandated referrals."

Question 18

Cognitive therapists conceptualize psychological problems as

A) behavior problems that follow cognitions.
B) personality problems that come from the dimensionality of emotions.
C) impediments in the development of potential.
D) based in early childhood and dependent on family dynamics.

Question 19

Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy is oriented toward depression, and therapists using this type of therapy

A) use a variety of behavior modification techniques that concentrate on overt behavior.
B) attempt to get clients to test their distorted thinking, replacing beliefs about inevitable negative outcomes with more realistic cognitions.
C) attempt to make clients aware of their shortcomings and avoid being overly optimistic, as optimistic distortion and the disappointment that result make depression worse.
D) are generally less effective in changing behavior that therapists who rely on more lengthy therapy.

Question 20

Psychoanalysis

A) was Freud's approach to dealing with mental disorders.
B) was a talk-based therapy.
C) was based on the concept that chemical imbalances in the brain are the basis for mental disorders.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 21

One of the goals of feminist therapy is to lead clients to a feeling of empowerment. Research indicates

A) that feminist therapists succeed in this goal.
B) that feminist therapists rarely succeed in this goal.
C) that most women are not interested in achieving this goal.
D) that younger women are more likely to consider this type of therapy than older women.

Question 22

Phyllis Chesler contended that the goal of many types of therapy is not alleviating women's psychological problems but rather

A) influencing them to assume the traditional female gender role.
B) urging them to find new ways of expressing androgyny.
C) helping them to re-evaluate their roles as subordinates.
D) urging them to examine their sexual orientation and modes of expressing their sexuality.

Question 23

In a study with therapists listening to a male client who had either made a traditional or a nontraditional choice concerning occupation and family work,

A) the therapists were equally acceptant of both lifestyle choices, showing no gender bias in their therapy sessions with men.
B) the therapists tended to concentrate on the symptoms rather than on the lifestyle.
C) the therapists mentioned the lifestyle for the man who had made a nontraditional choice but not for the man who was leading a traditional lifestyle.
D) female therapists mentioned the problems associated with the traditional lifestyle, whereas male therapists mentioned problems associated with the nontraditional lifestyle.

Question 24

The history of feminist therapy can be traced to

A) feminist psychologists in the 1970s.
B) feminist colleagues of Freud and other psychoanalytic therapists of the late 1800s.
C) the first wave of feminism, which occurred during the early years of psychology in the early 1900s.
D) the Boulder Conference, which set forth the standards for training clinical psychologists.

Question 25

Which of the following was NOT among the sexist uses of psychotherapy named by the APA Task Force on Sex Bias?

A) devaluation of women's potential
B) overemphasis on androgyny
C) sexist use of psychoanalytic concepts
D) fostering traditional sex roles

Question 26

Men often have trouble in psychotherapy

A) due to the conflicts between the male gender role and the demands of therapy.
B) due to their lack of verbal ability.
C) when their counselors are women, but they have fewer problems with male counselors.
D) when they accept responsibility for the behavior and acknowledge their true feelings.

Question 27

The problems with bias in the practice of therapy led the American Psychological Association to

A) conclude that feminist therapy is the best choice for women.
B) propose that training for therapists should include at least one course in gender bias.
C) propose that good therapy should be free of sexist bias.
D) withdraw certification for the training programs that teach psychoanalysis.

Question 28

When feminist therapists proclaim "the personal is political," they are trying to convey that

A) personal goals and functioning are not important for the individual.
B) the person should strive for personal consistency in political goals.
C) personal experience is a reflection of the person's social and political situation.
D) political activity is a requirement for mental health.

Question 29

Gender bias in psychoanalytic treatment comes from

A) the Antigone complex, which concentrated on female development.
B) the use of men as the standard and the assumption that women are inferior.
C) Freud's assumption that women gained a feeling of superiority from their ability to give birth.
D) both a and b
E) both a and c

Question 30

The area of family therapy

A) has concentrated on gender issues more than therapies with individual clients.
B) has advocated egalitarian marital relationships and included techniques to help clients achieve these goals.
C) has moved toward gender-neural counseling but not toward a feminist orientation toward counseling.
D) has not moved away from a position of advocating traditional family roes and gender stereotypes.

Question 31

If a client leaves therapy with a sense of personal power, a feminist therapist would consider

A) the therapy to be successful.
B) the session to have been damaging.
C) the therapy to have begun but not to have finished.
D) the client to have changed gender roles, which can be a problem for later adjustment.

Question 32

Many therapists argue that the goals of therapy for men should include

A) the same goals as therapy for women-controlling negative emotionality and developing assertiveness.
B) restructuring their personalities to uncover the unconscious conflicts.
C) relinquishing some of the toxic elements of the male gender role.
D) enhancing some of the traditional elements of the male gender role.

Question 33

When mental health care services are described as _______, these services become more attractive to men.

A) therapy
B) counseling
C) medical
D) coaching

Question 34

In the early years of feminist therapy, most clients were _______, and now ___________.

A) white, middle-class women and men . . . . fewer men seek this type of therapy
B) white, middle-class women . . . . a more ethnically diverse group seeks this type of therapy
C) heterosexual women . . . . lesbians of all ethnic backgrounds are the most frequent clients
D) middle-aged, middle-class women from European and Hispanic American backgrounds . . . . more African American women seek feminist therapy than women from other ethnic groups

Question 35

When therapists encourage clients to adopt traditional gender roles

A) they are exhibiting gender bias.
B) they are being realistic concerning the best adjustment for their clients.
C) they tend to do so for women but not for men.
D) they tend to do so for clients of the other but not their own gender.

Question 36

Male clients often experience difficulties in psychotherapy,

A) but male counselors usually welcome a chance to work with male rather than female clients.
B) and counselors may have trouble dealing with male clients' unacceptable behavior.
C) and female counselors do a better job of empathy than male counselors.
D) but these problems relate to reluctance to seek counseling and not to problems during the therapy process.

Question 37

The practice of feminist therapy with men and male therapists

A) is identical to its practice with women and female therapists.
B) is easier than feminist therapy with male clients and female therapists.
C) presents difficulties unless the clients and therapists have adopted the male gender role.
D) has become fairly common-24% of male therapists say they are feminist therapists.

Question 38

Many feminist therapists enact the belief that "the person is political" by

A) becoming politically involved themselves and urging their clients to become involved.
B) rejecting politics and politicians.
C) removing the political element from their therapy practice.
D) insisting that their clients also reject political activity.
E) both b and d

Question 39

Feminist therapy with men

A) is now the most common approach for men with problems in sexual functioning.
B) is neither common nor advisable.
C) can help them develop empathy and become more emotionally available.
D) tends to promote role reversal, causing men to avoid and dislike such therapy even more than traditional psychotherapy.

Question 40

When feminist therapists suggest that therapists and clients should form an egalitarian relationship, they mean that

A) the therapist can no longer provide therapy but can provide friendships.
B) the therapist should not be dominant and the client subordinate.
C) the therapist should make only reflective statements to the client.
D) the therapist should strive to boost the client's self-concept by pretending that they are equal.

Question 41

Therapists who form sexual relationships with their clients or former clients

A) are in the majority-surveys have shown that over 50% of therapists have had at least one such relationships.
B) tend to be in therapy themselves.
C) are more likely than other therapists to have a personal history that includes sexual abuse.
D) have usually been sexually abused as children and re-create the situation of the their abuse with their clients.

Question 42

Movie portrayals of therapists depict psychologists and psychiatrists as

A) Dr. Dippy-the therapist who is crazier than the patients.
B) Dr. Evil-the therapist who wants to do harm.
C) Dr. Wonderful-the perfect therapist.
D) all of the above, but Dr. Dippy is the most common depiction.

Question 43

Analyses of the effectiveness of self-help groups indicate that

A) these groups are helpful for minor problems but not for serious ones.
B) these groups are helpful for problems that have a psychological basis but not for problems with physical symptoms.
C) the changes that occur through participation in self-help groups are similar to changes that occur through psychotherapy.
D) groups do not help participants change, they just feel better about their inflexible behavior.

Question 44

Clients who become sexually involved with their therapist

A) are about as likely to benefit from the relationship as to be harmed by it.
B) are very likely to experience negative effects as a result of the relationship.
C) are likely to experience negative effects if they are female but benefits if they are male.
D) experience few negative effects if the relationship begins after the therapeutic relationship has terminated.

Question 45

The MASTERY approach

A) ignores gender issues in an attempt to be nonsexist.
B) expands on feminist and Gender Aware Therapy but minimizes gender issues.
C) is appropriate for nontraditional but not for traditional men.
D) helps men find ways to redefine gender roles.

Question 46

Online support groups

A) are more likely to attract men than face-to-face groups.
B) cannot provide effective support for women but are more adequate for men.
C) attract too many "lurkers" to be considered effective.
D) need professionals to direct the groups.

Question 47

The philosophy of self-help groups is that

A) other people with similar problems can offer social support and information, both of which can be beneficial.
B) these groups offer all of the advantages and none of the disadvantages of psychotherapy.
C) only others with similar problems can offer therapeutic intervention.
C) the possible exploitation and the high cost of psychotherapy make that option more of a risk than a benefit.

Question 48

A difference between nonsexist therapy and Gender Aware Therapy is

A) that nonsexist therapy ignores gender, whereas Gender Aware Therapy strives to incorporate an understanding of gender effects and sexism.
B) that nonsexist therapy strives for equal treatment for men and women, and Gender Aware Therapy strives to increase awareness of the inequalities related to gender.
C) that nonsexist therapy is the more common choice of men, and Gender Aware Therapy is the more common choice of women.
D) difficult to identify-they are virtually identical.

Question 49

Self-help groups are modeled after

A) the concept of self-efficacy.
B) humanistic psychotherapy, with its acceptance of personal and psychological striving to reach self-fulfillment.
C) individual psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
D) Alcoholics Anonymous.

Question 50

In surveying practitioners in several professions that provide mental health care,

A) psychiatrists receive more complaints than other mental health professionals.
B) psychologists receive more complaints than other mental health professionals.
C) social workers receive more complaints than other mental health professionals.
D) complaints concern sexual boundary violation are the most common ethical complaint for all types of therapists.

Question 51

The online format for support groups might allow participants to break gender stereotypes in their online interactions. Research into this question showed

A) that online groups showed fewer instances of gender stereotyping than face-to-face groups.
B) similar use of gender stereotypes as face-to-face groups.
C) that gender was not an important factor in online groups.
D) both a and c

Question 52

An examination of those who attend support groups shows that

A) the problems represented in groups are proportional to the prevalence of those problems.
B) the people who attend support groups are not really ill.
C) the people who attend support groups should be in therapy rather than in groups.
D) some problems, such as breast cancer and AIDS, are more likely to bring people to support groups than other problems, such as hypertension.

Question 53

Comparing online and face-to-face support groups,

A) online groups tend to serve people with different problems than face-to-face groups.
B) online groups serve more people with behavioral problems than face-to-face groups.
C) face-to-face groups serve more people with physical problems than online groups do.
D) all of the above

Question 54

In surveys of male and female therapists concerning the acceptability and frequency of sexual relationships with clients,

A) more female therapists found such relationships unacceptable but admitted to such relationships more often than male therapists.
B) more male therapists found such relationships unacceptable, but both male and female therapists admitted to such relationships with equal frequency.
C) more male therapists found such relationships acceptable and admitted to such relationships more often.
D) more female therapists found such relationships acceptable and admitted to such relationships more often.

Question 55

Gender differences appear in movie portrayals of therapists, and women are more likely to be _________ and men are more often depicted as _________.

A) Dr. Wonderfuls. . . . Dr. Dippys
B) Dr. Evils . . . . Dr. Wonderul
C) assistants . . . . therapists or administrators
D) Dr. Chrisma . . . . Dr. Mousy

Question 56

The gender composition of online support groups

A) is similar to face-to-face groups-dominated by women.
B) includes more men than face-to-face groups.
C) includes more women as "lurkers," and a majority of active participants are men.
D) is not known because people are usually anonymous online.

Question 57

Comparing online and face-to-face groups,

A) the process of providing information is the same, but online groups are not a good format for providing emotional support.
B) the process of providing feedback is easier in online groups, but the number of people involved makes information difficult to obtain.
C) few people are willing to reveal emotional details of their lives online, which compromises the effectiveness of these groups.
D) few differences in the support process for these two types of groups.

Question 58

Brooks's MASTERY approach

A) offers ways for counselors to provide effective therapy to traditional men.
B) is more suitable for young men than for middle-aged or older men.
C) requires more talking and sharing feelings than other therapies, making it even more difficult for men than client-centered therapy.
D) like most other therapeutic approaches, is more suitable for women than for men.

Question 59

The growth of self-help groups during the 1980s and 1990s

A) represents an increase in the number of people attending existent groups rather than a proliferation of types of groups.
B) is more effective but less socially acceptable than traditional therapy.
C) resulted in more people receiving help from these groups than from professional therapists.
D) has occurred primarily in the United States, and other countries have not shown such an increase.

Question 60

In the movies, female therapists are portrayed as having sexual relationships with their clients. In reality,

A) female therapists form sexual relationships with their clients about twice as often as male therapists.
B) female therapists are much less likely than male therapists to form sexual relationships with clients.
C) male therapists are the targets of more accusations of sexual exploitation than female therapists, but male therapists are guilty of such relationships less often than female therapists.
D) female therapists are the targets of many accusations of exploitation, but are rarely guilty.

Question 61

Consciousness raising groups developed

A) as part of the women's movement during the 1960s.
B) as part of radical politics of the 1950s.
C) around the problem of depression, which is common among women.
D) primarily among college-aged and ethnic minority women.

Question 62

Use of drugs and psychotherapy to treat behavior problems

A) is the best combination, regardless of culture.
B) should emphasize drug treatments in western cultures and psychotherapy in eastern cultures.
C) should emphasize drugs in individualistic cultures and psychotherapy in collectivist cultures.
D) may not be effective in all cultures.

Question 63

Some men's groups are similar to women's consciousness raising groups in

A) their emphasis on the oppression of gender stereotyping.
B) the insistence of groups members that others receive appropriate professional care for psychological problems.
C) their reluctance to become politically involved.
D) their emphasis on self-efficacy and the development of early childhood memories.

Question 64

The use of shamen as mental health professionals

A) will not further mental health treatment, even if shamen are healers in a culture.
B) can be effective if the people in the culture accept shamen as healers.
C) are more effective for male than for female clients, and only in cultures with compatible cultural views.
D) none of the above