Deck 14: Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology

Question 1

According to Koch's postulates, in order to prove that any given infectious agent causes a certain disease a scientist must satisfy all of the following requirements EXCEPT:

A) the pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
B) the same pathogen must be reisolated in the diseased experimental host.
C) the cultured pathogen must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy and susceptible experimental host.
D) the disease is caused by a combination of infectious pathogens and environmental factors.
E) the pathogen must be cultured and isolated from every case of the disease.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is not transmitted by direct contact mode?

A) yellow fever
B) gonorrhea
C) warts
D) ringworm
E) cutaneous anthrax

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis?

A) microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus
B) protozoa in termites
C) tuberculosis in the human lung
D) tapeworm in the human intestine
E) bacteria in the human colon

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system?

A) E. coli
B) Trichomonas
C) Lactobacillus
D) Candida
E) Bacteroides

Question 5

Which of the following allow(s) bacteria to invade deeper tissues?

A) lipid A
B) collagenase
C) coagulase
D) streptokinase
E) neurotoxins

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of the mucous membranes serving as a portal of entry for disease?

A) an injection with a contaminated needle
B) a bite by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite
C) digestion of the outer layer of the skin by fungi
D) the crossing of a pathogen from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta
E) tntroduction into the body by rubbing the eye with contaminated fingers and washing into the nasal cavity by way of tears

Question 7

Which of the following is the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens?

A) the respiratory tract
B) the placenta
C) the eyes and skin
D) the urinary tract
E) the digestive tract

Question 8

All of the following are normal microbiota found in the lower digestive tract EXCEPT:

A) Proteus.
B) Candida.
C) Shigella.
D) Escherichia.
E) Staphylococcus.

Question 9

Normal microbiota are first acquired

A) at age eighteen.
B) after one year of age.
C) during birth.
D) by age five.
E) during the first month.

Question 10

Which of the following may not always be a part of an infectious disease process?

A) the decline period
B) the illness period
C) the convalescence period
D) the prodromal period
E) the incubation period

Question 11

A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired by

A) eating contaminated food.
B) being bitten by an infected insect.
C) having unprotected sexual intercourse.
D) being in a health care facility.
E) using a contaminated needle.

Question 12

Resident microbiota are found in all of the following locations in the body EXCEPT:

A) the upper respiratory tract.
B) the upper digestive tract.
C) the lower respiratory tract.
D) the lower digestive tract.
E) the urinary system.

Question 13

Which of the following is not an airborne transmitted disease?

A) tuberculosis
B) histoplasmosis
C) measles
D) tetanus
E) chickenpox

Question 14

Which of the following situations might cause normal flora to become opportunistic pathogens?

A) growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin
B) presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the sigmoid colon
C) growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine
D) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation
E) growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth

Question 15

All of the following statements describe types of symbiosis EXCEPT:

A) Sometimes both members in the relationship benefit.
B) The relationship results in death for some members.
C) Sometimes only a single member in the relationship benefits.
D) One member in the relationship can harm the other.
E) If both members benefit, they can't live without each other.

Question 16

All of the following are antiphagocytic factors produced by pathogens EXCEPT:

A) cytotoxins.
B) M protein.
C) leukocidins.
D) capsules.
E) All of these are antiphagocytic factors.

Question 17

Mutualism is a relationship

A) that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other.
B) where only one member derives benefit from the other.
C) where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other.
D) where it is hard to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other.
E) where one member of the relationship may kill the other.

Question 18

Which of the following is a mechanical vector?

A) cockroach
B) housefly
C) louse
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) Both A and C are correct.

Question 19

Symptoms are

A) characteristics of a disease, such as sweating.
B) objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others.
C) subjective characteristics of a disease that can only be felt by the patient.
D) laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease.
E) objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured.

Question 20

Iatrogenic infections are

A) opportunistic.
B) physician induced.
C) vector transmitted.
D) contagious.
E) sexually transmitted.

Question 21

Descriptive epidemiology would tabulate all of the following information about a disease EXCEPT:

A) the time the cases of the disease occurred.
B) the course and chain of transmission of a disease.
C) the age of the patient.
D) a mapping of the location of a disease.
E) a comparison of patients with the disease to those without the disease.

Question 22

The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means that

A) 12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000.
B) there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000.
C) 12.43/100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000.
D) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000.
E) 12.43/100,000 died of tuberculosis in the United States in the year 2000.

Question 23

Which of the following is a major source of disease transmission in the world?

A) foodborne transmission
B) body fluid transmission
C) fecal- oral infection
D) contaminated fomites
E) waterborne transmission

Question 24

In commensalism, one member of the relationship harms the other.

Question 25

Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process?

A) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline
B) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
C) prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline
D) incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline
E) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline

Question 26

A disease that occurs at a greater than normal frequency for a given area or population is considered

A) endemic.
B) sporadic.
C) opportunistic.
D) epidemic.
E) pandemic.

Question 27

Diarrhea- causing pathogens would be expected to produce enterotoxins.

Question 28

Normal microbiota may cause disease if they are introduced into an unusual site in the body.

Question 29

Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease?

A) experimental epidemiology
B) systemic epidemiology
C) retrospective epidemiology
D) analytical epidemiology
E) descriptive epidemiology

Question 30

The index case is the first case of a disease

A) in a given area or population resulting in patient death.
B) to be successfully treated in a given area or population.
C) in a given area or population in which the patient recovers.
D) transmitted to another individual in a given area or population.
E) identified in a given area or population.

Question 31

A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease.

Question 32

Droplet nuclei are a factor in which of the following modes of transmission?

A) contact
B) vehicle
C) vector
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) Both B and C are correct.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of vehicle transmission of a pathogen?

A) via food
B) via drinking water
C) via air
D) via body fluid
E) via animals

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT an example of a zoonosis?

A) typhus
B) typhoid fever
C) rabies
D) salmonellosis
E) anthrax

Question 35

Which of the following microbe/disease pairs was disproven using Koch's postulates?

A) HIV and AIDS
B) hepatitis B and D and liver cancer
C) Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy
D) varicella- zoster virus and chickenpox
E) Haemophilus influenzae and the flu

Question 36

Which of the following statements concerning transient microbiota is false?

A) They are not able to resist the body's defenses.
B) They can be eliminated by competition with other microbes.
C) They remain in the body for only a short time.
D) They are found in different locations from the resident microbiota.
E) All of these are true statements.

Question 37

Fomites cause disease by direct contact.

Question 38

Acne is an example of a

A) contagious disease.
B) latent disease.
C) noncommunicable disease.
D) subacute disease.
E) chronic disease.

Question 39

Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of

A) botulism.
B) cholera.
C) bed sores.
D) pseudomembranous colitis.
E) tetanus.

Question 40

Fomites are

A) inanimate objects that participate in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.
B) insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host.
C) fecal material from infected hosts.
D) silent carriers of infectious diseases.
E) animal sources for human pathogens.

Question 41

A(n) water supply is one that is fit to drink.

Question 42

It is possible to be infected but not diseased.

Question 43

The coordinates efforts to improve health throughout the world, particularly in poorer countries.

Question 44

Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are known as .

Question 45

The period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of the disease.

Question 46

are a type of exotoxin that interfere with nerve cell function.

Question 47

The presence of E. coli in the colon is an example of normal microbiota.

Question 48

AIDS is considered a(n) in which the pathogen remains inactive for long periods of time before

Question 49

The study of the cause of disease is .

Question 50

Some bacteria produce , which are chemicals capable of destroying phagocytic white blood cells.

Question 51

Herpes is an example of a latent disease.

Question 52

is an exotoxin that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation.

Question 53

In 2% of pregnancies, pathogens cross the _ _ and infect the embryo or fetus.

Question 54

Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of contact transmission.

Question 55

Koch's postulates can be applied to every infectious disease to identify the causative pathogen.

Question 56

Infection from a mosquito bite would be an example of the parenteral route.

Question 57

not only transmit pathogens, but can also serve as hosts for the multiplication of the pathogen during some phase of the pathogen's life cycle.

Question 58

Hyaluronidase is an example of an extracellular enzyme that allows bacteria to move deeper into tissue.

Question 59

The term refers to sites in the body that are free of microbes.

Question 60

The study of the cause of when and where diseases occur is known as .

Question 61

What is a nosocomial infection?

Question 62

Describe three types of reservoirs of infection in humans.

Question 63

What are Koch's postulates?

Question 64

What are the different types of symbiosis? List and give a short definition for each.

Question 65

Compare and contrast endotoxins and exotoxins.

Question 66

The route is not a portal of entry of a pathogen per se, but a way of circumventing the usual portals.