Deck 12: Middle-Childhood-Cognitive-Development

Question 1

Sibel is able to add 4 plus 2 and get 6. She can also subtract 2 from 6 and get 4. This characteristic of thinking is refe

A) egocentrism.
B) subtractibility.
C) conservation.
D) reversibility.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Most children are in the stage of concrete operations from ages

A) 0 - 2.
B) 2 - 7.
C) 7 - 12.
D) 7 through adulthood.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Bilingual children have more academic problems than those who speak only one language.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Giftedness is defined as having a high IQ score.

Question 5

Sternberg used factor analysis to define several primary mental abilities.

Question 6

Why do we refer to the characteristics of children's thinking between the ages of 7 and 12 as "concrete?"

A) Because they are unable to change the ways in which they think
B) Because their thinking has to do with tangible objects, not abstract concepts
C) Because they refuse to listen to parents and teachers
D) Because they believe that theirs is the only point of view of the world.

Question 7

Encoding and rehearsal enhance memory.

Question 8

Which of the following words accurately captures the thinking of a concrete operational child, as compared to earlier

A) Egocentric
B) Flexible
C) Rigid
D) Abstract

Question 9

Piaget tested children's abilities of seriation by asking them to place 10 sticks in order of size.

Question 10

The closer the biological relationship between people, the more similar their IQ scores.

Question 11

According to Kohlberg, in the conventional level of moral reasoning, children base moral judgments on the consequen

Question 12

The first intellectual spurt occurs at age 3.

Question 13

Concrete operational thinking is characterized by decentration, flexibility, and reversibility.

Question 14

Phonics allows children to associate letters with their sounds.

Question 15

The language most often spoken in United States homes other than English is Chinese.

Question 16

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS) assumes that intelligence increases with age.

Question 17

Metamemory means understanding how other people think.

Question 18

Five-year-olds believe in immanent justice.

Question 19

Tyler is 8 years old. In terms of his thinking, he understands that other people may have different perspectives than h on multiple parts of a problem at one time. In all, his thinking is more flexible than it was in the past. Which of Piaget'

A) Preoperations
B) Decentrations
C) Concrete operations
D) Formal operations

Question 20

Some words in English, such as one and two, can be read only by the word recognition method.

Question 21

Transitivity refers to

A) being able to compare all items in a set to all other items.
B) the ability to think with abstract concepts.
C) centration.
D) hypothetical thinking.

Question 22

Piaget suggested that the development of conservation, as applied to specific tasks, is sequential. Which of the followi first?

A) Conservation of mass
B) Conservation of weight
C) Conservation of volume
D) Conservation of depth

Question 23

Karla is shown pictures of three daisies and four roses. She is asked whether there are more roses or flowers. She c 'flowers." Being able to focus on classes and subclasses simultaneously is an example of

A) linear thinking.
B) class inclusion.
C) abstract logic.
D) animism.

Question 24

The ability to understand that a ball of clay has the same amount of clay when it is flattened reflects which cognitive

A) Centration
B) Reversible thinking
C) Formal operations
D) Egocentrism

Question 25

Which of the following adjectives accurately describes Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A) Inconsistent
B) Unpredictable
C) Sequential
D) Random

Question 26

José understands that if A is heavier than B, and B is heavier than C, then A is also heavier than C. This demonstrate

A) transitivity.
B) reversibility.
C) formal operations.
D) centration.

Question 27

The work of Piaget can help improve education for children by

A) proving that cognitive development is driven solely by biology and not by environmental factors such as teaching m
B) encouraging teachers to lecture, as this is how children learn best.
C) showing teachers that time is all that is needed for children to develop cognitive skills.
D) demonstrating that group discussions are a useful teaching strategy in the classroom.

Question 28

Piaget felt that

A) education could greatly accelerate cognitive development.
B) practice was essential for cognitive development.
C) the sequence of cognitive development was generally the same from child to child.
D) children could not be properly educated in a school classroom setting.

Question 29

Renny is given 10 sticks of varying lengths. He is asked to place them in order of size. If Renny groups the sticks into medium, and large, what do we know about him?

A) He is likely 4 or 5 years of age.
B) He is probably 7 to 8 years of age.
C) He is developmentally delayed.
D) He is academically gifted.

Question 30

Class inclusion is the ability to

A) focus on subclasses and a larger class at the same time.
B) sort things into sequence based upon one characteristic.
C) think about objects that are not currently present.
D) reverse one's thinking, such as being able to subtract.

Question 31

According to Piaget, learning involves children

A) receiving information passively.
B) absorbing information imposed on them by teachers.
C) participating in active discovery.
D) comprehending information that is beyond their developmental level.

Question 32

Which of the following illustrates seriation?

A) The ability to place sticks in order according to size
B) The ability to understand that hidden objects still exist
C) The ability to understand that flattening a ball of clay does not change its mass
D) The ability to understand another person's point of view

Question 33

Which teaching technique would Piaget most likely endorse?

A) Lecturing
B) One-on-one instruction
C) A hands-on, interactive approach
D) Children working independently

Question 34

Which of the following tasks requires seriation?

A) Placing blocks in order by size
B) Jumping or hopping over blocks
C) Using a block of wood and pretending it's a car
D) Working with a friend to build a house out of blocks

Question 35

According to Piaget, are cognitive achievements in one area automatically transferred to achievements in other areas

A) No
B) Yes
C) It depends upon the dimension of cognitive skill involved
D) Yes, for some children, but this is not true for others

Question 36

Piaget and Inhelder tested whether children could seriate in two dimensions at once by asking them to sort leaves acc brightness. What did they find to be TRUE?

A) Preoperational children could correctly complete this task.
B) Concrete operational children could seriate on one dimension, but not both.
C) Concrete operational children could seriate on both tasks simultaneously.
D) Whether children could accomplish this task was related to the quality of their education.

Question 37

Piaget would agree most with which of the following statements?

A) Learning should be a process of active discovery.
B) Learning is driven by biology.
C) Cognitive development is variable and unpredictable.
D) Cognitive development differs greatly from culture to culture.

Question 38

According to Piaget, which of the following would a concrete operational child be unable to do?

A) Add 2 plus 3 and get 5.
B) Solve if A plus B equals 5, what is A?
C) Think about something from someone else's perspective.
D) Think about objects they have seen before.

Question 39

It appears from more recent research that Piaget

A) overestimated children's cognitive abilities.
B) underestimated children's cognitive abilities.
C) was correct. Children's cognitive development happens in a stage-like manner.
D) was incorrect in his sequences of cognitive development.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is TRUE of concrete operational children?

A) They can only focus on one aspect of a problem at a time.
B) They have gained the ability to think with abstract logic.
C) They can work with multiple cognitive dimensions at the same time.
D) They are more egocentric than preoperational children.

Question 41

Tina broke one toy on purpose. Dillon broke five toys by accident. According to 5-year-old Blake, who is in the stage child should be punished most?

A) Tina
B) Dillon
C) Neither, as Blake would see both incidents as accidental rather than intentional
D) Neither, as 5-year-olds do not understand the concept of punishment

Question 42

Even critics of Piaget's theories must admit that his

A) age ranges were exact.
B) sex differences were exact.
C) sequences of development continue to remain the same.
D) theory applies to children in the United States better than those in other countries.

Question 43

Justin puts his school supplies away in his desk. When asked why, he replies, "Because my teacher told me to." He b wrong are absolutes and that behavior is correct when it conforms to rules. According to Piaget, what stage of moral in?

A) Moral realism
B) Autonomous morality
C) Concrete operational moralism
D) Transitivity morality

Question 44

Jennifer lied to her father when she said she didn't pull the dog's tail. Afterward, she falls on the sidewalk and scrap is in the stage of moral realism, she will likely believe that

A) the sidewalk is alive and meant to trip her.
B) scraping her knee is punishment for the lie she told.
C) scraping her knee was an accident.
D) she hurt the sidewalk's feelings when she fell on it.

Question 45

Kohlberg researched moral development by using which of the following?

A) The Heinz dilemmas
B) A string and a pendulum
C) The Wechsler scales
D) The Moral Competency Scale

Question 46

Children develop problem-solving abilities relative to mass, weight, and volume at different ages. This finding suggests

A) children are preoperational longer than previously thought.
B) children develop conservations skills earlier than Piaget believed.
C) conservation does not appear in children's thinking all at once.
D) seriation does not appear in children's thinking all at once.

Question 47

Both Piaget and Kohlberg believed that children's moral reasoning undergoes the same cognitive developmental patte and

A) is complete by age 12.
B) reflects the values of the social and cultural setting in which the child is raised.
C) develops in a continuous, rather than a stage-like, manner.
D) is unrelated to their ability to take the perspective of another.

Question 48

Natalie believes that Heinz should steal the drug because "that is what a good husband would do." According to Kohl of which level of moral development?

A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Moral realism

Question 49

Nine-year-old Nathan has been taught by his parents that it's never acceptable to run into the street. However, he see wandered onto the road, and after looking both ways, runs out to retrieve it. Nathan believes

A) he will be punished automatically.
B) he has done something wrong, as he views rules as absolutes.
C) that circumstances sometimes require breaking the rules.
D) that he has been bad as he was not obedient to his parents.

Question 50

Five- and 6-year-old children tend to believe that if they lie or steal, they will be found out and punished for their acts. what is this called?

A) Objective morality
B) Autonomous morality
C) Immanent justice
D) Instrumental justice

Question 51

From the ages of 9 to 11, children come to realize that authority figures are not always right, that rules can be change situations may require breaking the rules. According to Piaget, this stage of morality is called

A) divergent thinking.
B) heteronomous morality.
C) immanent justice.
D) autonomous morality.

Question 52

Children in the stage of moral realism take what factor into account when deciding who has been the naughtiest?

A) The child's intentions
B) The amount of damage done
C) The situational context
D) Whether anyone witnessed the event

Question 53

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, postconventional reasoning is based upon

A) a good-boy/good-girl orientation.
B) an obedience and punishment orientation.
C) social order.
D) one's personal moral standards.

Question 54

Selective attention refers to the ability to

A) consider all information that is available.
B) focus on unimportant details.
C) keep all information out of memory.
D) focus on elements of a problem and find solutions.

Question 55

Believing that Heinz should steal the drug because his wife's life is more important than the law is an example of whi reasoning?

A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Unconventional

Question 56

Believing that Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is wrong and Heinz will get caught and go to jail is rep type of moral thinking?

A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Universal ethical principles

Question 57

Current research suggests that concrete operational children are capable of earlier than Piaget believed.

A) conservation
B) formal operational thought
C) abstract thinking
D) egocentrism

Question 58

According to research,

A) Piaget's thoughts on cognitive development were completely wrong.
B) Piaget's thoughts on cognitive development were completely accurate.
C) Piaget appeared to have the ages right, but the developmental sequences wrong.
D) Piaget appeared to have the developmental sequences right, but the ages might be less rigid.

Question 59

Children who show autonomous morality not only consider social rules, but they also take into account

A) the age of the wrongdoer.
B) the sex of the wrongdoer.
C) the motives of the wrongdoer.
D) the amount of damage done.

Question 60

Piaget proposed that moral development in children happens in

A) three distinct stages.
B) two overlapping stages.
C) three overlapping stages.
D) two stages, separated by a period of three years.

Question 61

How much information can be stored in long-term memory?

A) A million chunks can be stored.
B) It depends upon how well-rehearsed the information is.
C) There is no known limit.
D) It depends upon what kind of information is being stored.

Question 62

Which type of stimuli can be held in short-term memory longer?

A) Visual
B) Auditory
C) Olfactory
D) Tactile

Question 63

How many chunks of information can the average 5- to 6-year-old work on at the same time?

A) Two
B) Four
C) Six
D) Eight

Question 64

In terms of memory, what is a chunk?

A) A cluster of neurons
B) A cluster of information
C) A rehearsal strategy
D) A way of processing nonsensical information

Question 65

How many chunks of information can a typical adult keep in short-term memory at one time?

A) 2 plus 1
B) 5 minus 3
C) 7 plus or minus 2
D) 9 plus or minus 5

Question 66

Research suggests that children fail at many Piagetian tasks because they

A) cannot simultaneously hold many pieces of information in memory.
B) have not yet developed sensory memory.
C) do not have long-term memory.
D) are not able to process visual tasks until age 8 or 9.

Question 67

Which of the following is TRUE about the presence of irrelevant information in middle childhood?

A) Children are able to ignore irrelevant information.
B) Although still affected by irrelevant information, children in middle childhood are less affected than younger childre
C) Children do not show the ability to ignore irrelevant information until adolescence.
D) The majority of adults cannot ignore irrelevant information.

Question 68

Which memory process lasts for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal?

A) Sensory
B) Trace
C) Working
D) Long-term

Question 69

When we look at an object and then blink our eyes, the visual impression of the object lasts for a fraction of a second

A) short-term memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) selective attention.
D) working memory.

Question 70

The rule "i before e except after c" is an example of

A) semantic code.
B) rehearsal.
C) auditory information.
D) use of metamemory.

Question 71

Which type of memory can be referred to as trace memory?

A) Sensory
B) Short-term
C) Long-term
D) Automatic

Question 72

"Value-added" teaching, which raises students' standardized achievement test scores, also raises their lifetime income

A) risk of teenage pregnancy.
B) risk of mental health problems.
C) rate of unemployment.
D) rate of aggression in adolescents and young adults.

Question 73

In a preschool classroom, the teacher is singing the alphabet song. He sings "A, B, C, D, E, F"…and then stops. The How did the children know what came next in the song?

A) By memorizing 26 chunks of information
B) Through repetition and rote learning
C) By guessing correctly
D) Through intuitively knowing this song from birth without the use of memorization

Question 74

Information in long-term memory

A) is always encoded acoustically.
B) is always semantic in nature.
C) may be retained for a lifetime.
D) is encoded in visual forms only.

Question 75

You witness one car hit another in a parking lot. As the offending car drives away, you attempt to remember its licens repeating it to yourself until you can write it down. Repeating the number

A) is also called retrieval.
B) encodes the visual stimuli as auditory stimulation.
C) involves using your long-term memory.
D) is an example of eidetic memory.

Question 76

Memory is

A) a scientific term.
B) a convenient term.
C) a proven fact.
D) a trait specific to humans.

Question 77

In comparison to younger children, older children

A) process information more slowly because they are more careful.
B) are more likely to accommodate new information rather than attempt to assimilate it.
C) can process more information more quickly.
D) are less likely to use rehearsal in short-term memory.

Question 78

Which memory process lasts for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal?

A) Sensory
B) Trace
C) Short-term
D) Long-term

Question 79

Strutt and colleagues (1975) asked children ages 6 to 12 to sort cards based upon the shape on the card (a circle or a irrelevant information was also presented on the cards, what happened?

A) Children were unable to sort the cards correctly.
B) Children sorted the cards based upon the irrelevant information, not the shapes.
C) Younger children were better able to ignore the irrelevant information.
D) Older children were better able to ignore irrelevant information

Question 80

A teacher asks you to learn the new word "factotum" by using it in a sentence. This is an example of

A) rote learning.
B) iconic memory
C) a chunking method.
D) an elaborative strategy.